NationStates Jolt Archive

The Castillian Times

King Alfonso XIII has taken over the government after reaching the age of 16. He is known for being an extreme conservative and being very opposed to reform. He has promised peace and prosperity but many workers and lower class peoples wonder what will come from this. His regency has oversaw a rise in Anarchist and Facist movements but there is a new Socialist movement catching the ears of Spains under-represented lower class'.

[OOC: All news and telegrams to the Spanish government can be sent here.]
[OOC2: I posted on my other nation sorry but this is really Philanchez.]

Telegram
From: 7th President of the Fourth French Republic Émile François Loubet
To: King Alfonso XIII
Subject: Alliance

As you can see we have already forged a great friendship between our country and that of Germany, but now we wish to extend the olive branch to you, we hop that such a proposal could in turn strengthen the continent as a whole, and we hope you agree.

Signed

Émile François Loubet

Secret IC:

To: King Alfonso XIII of Spain
From: Lord Salisbury, British Prime Minister

We congratulate you on your ascension to the Spanish throne and hope that your rule will be long and joyous. However, I write to you today to inform you of the happenings in Europe. Recently a non-agression pact was signed between the French and German peoples and now looks to be compounded into a fully blown alliance. This would appear to guarantee peace in Europe but actually conceals a more deadly and sinister threat of war with a united France and Germany on one side and all democratic and free nations of Europe on the other. I beg of you not to join this axis of evil which will surely rule the continent if others follow your lead but instead to enter into an agreement with us. I can promise you free trade, military protection and technological aid to your nation from mine if only you'll sign an alliance with us.

I hope you will consider what weighs on your decision.

Lord Salisbury,

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

From: King Alfonso XIII
To: 7th President of the Fourth French Republic Émile François Loubet

Thank you for your offer. I have become aware that you and Germany have created a Non-Agression Pact and that you are against the vile British Empire which has sought ought all but the total destruction of our grand European nations. I would gladly join this pact and pledge any and all support to the French people.
-Alfonso XIII, King of Spain and Protector of the Spanish People
-----------------------------------------------------------------
From: King Alfonso XIII
To: Lord Salisbury

We sincerely hope that these were rash decisions and words. The French and German people have untold Democratic freedoms and you wish to spite them. Your empire has sought out all but the complete destruction of the European Kingdoms and Nations. We hope that we will not have to honor any of our pledges to the French but if it comes to war then you will have the Spanish people as your enemy as well.
-Alfonso XIII, King of Spain and Protector of the Spanish People

To: King Alfonso XIII
From: Lord Salisbury

Those words were not merely rash and were intended to show you the warmongering going on in Europe today. We do not wish for war with the French and German peoples, however intelligence operatives and our foreign contacts have assured us that the French and Germans intend to increase their territories and hope to extend their malignant influence to the rest of Europe.

If France is so democratic and free, then why did it's leader, President Loubert, not hold a referendum to understand the people's views on Germany. As it is he has ignored the people's will and now faces terrorism and rebellion from his his own citizens. I hope you understand what you have gotten into.

We welcome peace with the Spanish but must warn you that if the situation in Europe becomes worse, then I have no choice but to go against our Spanish friends since they have signed this new alliance.

Peace in Europe?
After the agreement to an Alliance with the French and hopefully next the Germans it looks as if continental Europe will be at peace for years to come. King Alfonso XIII said that "...this alliance ushers in a new age of peace and with it hopefully prosperity!". It has yet to be decided in public opinion whether or not Alfonso XIII will rule benevolently but if this is a sign of things to come than surely it will be a grand and historical reign!

19 March, 1903
Anti-Affiliation Law

King Alfonso XIII signed into law a proposition that makes it illegal to associate or be affiliated with the Spanish Revolutionary Democratic Socialist Party, Spanish Revolutionary Anarchists, or the Spanish Facist Party. He has declared himself Head of State and as such takes on the role of prime Minister as well as King. All people who wish to be a part of a political party must join either the Grand Monarchist Alliance or Holy Catholic Conservative Party. King Alfonso XIII said that "This law is necessary to maintain the monarchy in Spain and to keep the people from being sucked into false ideologies that will bring about their destruction."

Civil Strife!

The SRDSP or Spanish Revolutionary Democratic Socialist Party took to the streets of Madrid today as they protested the Royal family and Monarchy. This is in response to the new Anti-Affiliation Law which banned their party and being affiliated with it. The King called out the entire Policia de Madrid to supress the crowd of some 25,000 people. In response to this the protestors armed themselves and battled with the PdM for 3 hours. This resulted in 216 PdM deaths and 784 SRDSP deaths. 2,347 SRDSP members were arrested and the rest disbanded.

In Barcelona the seen was the same with over 10,000 SRA members roaming the streets vandalising shops and homes. Los Policia de Barcelona were called out to handle the disturbance and after a 30 minute skirmish the SRA members disbanded and went home. LPdB lost one officer to this skirmish and the SRA lost 13 to death and 4,826 to arrest.

In Leon the seen was slightly different with 23,957 SFP members takeing the Mayors building by storm. King Alfonso had to send in 35,000 troops to take back the city and put down the SFP. the siege resulted in $200,000 of damage to the Mayors Offices and the deaths of 12,837 SFP members. The other 11,120 SFP members surrendered and were arrested. the Army contingent lost 437 men to the SFP.

It appears as if the people have finally shown their thoughts on the reign of King Alfonso XIII and they do not approve. The news paper hereby declares its support for the SRDSP. Viva la revelucion!

Unrest in Spain

Tragedy struck Spain several days ago, as rioting broke out against the recent decree that made divergant political affiliation a crime. President Roca responded to the tragic events by calling on King Alfonso XIII to compromise, and avoid a repeat of the recent events.

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OOC: thanks but as far as history goes alfonso was a conservative monarchist and he either rules the country or doesnt and thats how im going to play it

IC: By Decree of the 'King'

King Alfonso XIII has decreed that all Police activities will be diverted to searching for the SRDSP, SRA, and SFP members. He says that he calls on all true sons and daughters of Spain to help in the effort. He has also been heard claiming that "These divergent groups are terrorists who wish nothing but the destruction of Spain and life." A response from the SRDSP leader Sr. X was given to this publiction to print so here it is...
People of Spain! I call on you, the downtrodden and overlooked. The workers and the poor. The TRUE people of Spain to oppose this Monarchial Police State and through off the shackles of repression! For to long have we bent at the whim of a King and for to long have we done nothing about the freedoms that we are not granted. I say that now is the time to take those freedoms by force! The crown does not want you to know that it fears you but it does! The crown fears you and I alike because we are the majority! Once we have realized that we can do without the crown and govern ourselves then they have no livelihood. We true people of Spain must embrace Socialism and the freedoms it offers. We must revolt against our oppressors and rule our selves! Take to the streets my friends and tear down the oppresive monarchy!!!!!!!!

17 April, 1903
Revolution!!!!!

SRDSP leader Sr. X has declared open revolution. Thousands upon thousands have answered his call. Party statistics say that 1,907,088 people are a part of the party. The SRA has declared its support for an SRDSP government and revolution. The total number of SRDSP members and its ally the SRA is 2,427,097 people. This of course does not include those who are not members but are supporting the cause. With these great numbers they have managed to take over both Barcelona and Madrid. King Alfonso XIII has fled the capital for Valencia as it remains loyal. An uprising in Leon has also led to its suburbs and 2/3 of the city being taken by the SRDSP.

OOC: I will be starting a revolution thread so I need someone to rp the SRDSP and its ally the SRA. The SFP no longer exists as all mebers were either killed in the seige of leons mayorial offices or killed for treason.

(OOC: right here, just give me a little time to re-read the thread)

OOC: thanks im gonna start up the thread

from Spain, history of:

Opposition movements, 1898-1923
Criticism of the restoration monarchy came from the Catalan and Basque regionalists, from a revived Republican Party, from the proletarian parties, from the army, from the more forward-looking of the Spanish politicians, and from the intellectuals.

Basque regionalism, though more akin in its ideas to extreme nationalist movements, was less a challenge than Catalan regionalism, which dominated Spanish politics until 1923. With its own Catalan language and a revived cultural tradition, it moved from a demand for protection of Catalan industry against "Castilian" free trade to a demand for political autonomy. The Regionalist League (Catalan: Lliga Regionalista), founded in 1901 and dominated by the Catalan industrialist Francesc Cambó i Batlle and the theoretician of Catalan nationalism Enric Prat de la Riba, demanded the end of the turno and a revival of regionalism within a genuine party system. Cambó wished to solve the Catalan question "within Spain"--i.e., by legal means and in cooperation with monarchist politicians. The revival of Catalanism, however, set off a "Castilian" reaction in which moderate Catalans were accused of selfishness or of hiding separatist aims under "respectable" regionalism. In the 1907 election the united Catalan front, Solidaridad Catalana, defeated the parties of the system but then divided into a right (which accepted a solution within the monarchy) and a left (which was to drift to Republicanism). Cambó's cooperation with Madrid brought Catalonia no tangible concessions.

Republicanism, which had degenerated into local politicking and lived on its memories of 1873, was revived by the remarkable oratorical and organizational talents of Alejandro Lerroux, whose Radical Republican Party offered a program that appealed to the alienated working-class voter of Barcelona. Lerroux was competing with a slow revival of anarchism, which veered between terrorism, educational propaganda, and union activity; the anarcho-syndicalist union, the National Confederation of Labour (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo; CNT), was founded in 1910. The Socialist movement with its union (the Workers' General Union [Unión General de Trabajadores; UGT], founded 1888) was relatively weak except in the mining districts of the north and in Madrid, where it was dominated by its French-influenced founder, Pablo Iglesias. In 1909 the Socialists abandoned their boycott of "bourgeois" politics and allied themselves with the Republicans. This alliance was to give the party a political leverage in excess of its voting strength.

The intellectuals' protest embraced the writers of widely differing ideas collectively known as the Generation of '98. Joaquín Costa, a voluminous writer, was an especially harsh critic of caciquismo (the system of electoral manipulation on the local level by political bosses); he wanted a revived, effectively democratic, modernized Spain. Miguel de Unamuno saw regeneration in terms of a return to "pure" Spanish values. All of the Generation of '98 distrusted politics as managed by professional politicians, who, they said, were out of touch with the "real" Spain.

Among the politicians themselves, the conservative leaders Francisco Silvela and Antonio Maura and the democratic liberal José Canalejas sought to regenerate the system by widening the degree of political participation through "sincere" elections. They were opposed by the professional party members. Maura only succeeded in confusing the party structure by splitting the Conservative Party. The danger of "sincere" elections to the political establishment was revealed by the Republican victories in 1903.

The call up of troops for Morocco, where Spanish troops were engaged in operations protecting the Spanish coastal possessions, set off the Tragic Week of 1909 in Barcelona. Public order collapsed, and anarchists and Radical Republicans burned churches and convents. Maura was driven from office because Alfonso XIII (who ruled in his own right from 1902) accepted the Liberals' estimate of the harm Maura's firm repression would inflict on the monarchy. Rather than resist a Liberal Party that had allied with the Republican parties, the king held that the Liberals were a useful "lightning conductor," protecting the monarchy from the threat on the left. Ever since Maura's fall, the king's diagnosis had been challenged by conservatives.

World War I produced increased strains. Real wages fell, making the unions restive, and in 1917 junior officers formed juntas and struck for better conditions. The ensuing crisis was exploited by Catalan politicians, who increasingly pressed for autonomy. The revolutionary coalition consisting of Radical Republicans and Catalan regionalists split up, and a general strike frightened Cambó and the Catalans, who threatened to call a national convention that would unite all critics of the monarchy. The formation of a national government under Maura ended the last serious attempt to regenerate the political system and to make it respond to reformist and Catalan demands. No subsequent government was strong enough to face the anarchist agitation in Catalonia and the Moroccan War.

Spain, through negotiations with France, had obtained a protectorate in Morocco in 1912. In the effort to pacify it, economizing politicians were ready for compromise with the tribes, but the generals saw conquest as the only solution. A bid by General Fernández Silvestre, reputedly backed by Alfonso XIII, for a crowning victory ended in the terrible massacre of Spanish troops at the Battle of Annual (Anwal) in 1921. Opposition politicians were determined to expose the king's action and criticize the army.

World War I had given the anarcho-syndicalist movement great power. At the same time there grew a terrorist fringe, which the leaders of the CNT could not control. These leaders (Salvador Seguí and Angel Pestaña), though they shared the anarchist contempt for political action, wished to build unions powerful enough to challenge the employers by direct action. They mistrusted the libertarian tradition of spontaneous revolution as a means of toppling the bourgeois state. The great Barcelona strike of 1919 was the most impressive in Spanish history. When the employers' violent reaction discredited the moderates in the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, it was followed by a wave of assassinations by gangsters employed by both the anarchists and the employers.

Thus, when General Miguel Primo de Rivera staged his pronunciamiento in September 1923, he could count on the support of the conservative classes fearful for social order. The Lliga, for instance, became more concerned about suppressing strikes than about Catalan autonomy, for which it had campaigned from 1915 to 1918. He could also count on the tacit alliance of Alfonso XIII, who was tired of politicians who could not provide him with effective governments.


Copyright © 1994-2001 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Now, what seems to be going on in Spain here has little to do with the facts as they were in 1902. There was Socialist and Anarcho-Syndicalist activity, of course, but you haven't really made this sudden explosion of anti-monarchism very plausible. It takes years to lay the groundwork for a successful, or even merely a widespread revolt.
Moreover, separatism was more of an issue at this time, anyway.
I'm troubled by this thread, because you seem to be pursuing a script that has more to do with what you'd like to see happen than with what was actually possible for the place and time.

SRDSP Loses Leon

The SRDSP has lost Leon. They have plans to retake thetown though. The lost was attributed to the well armed and trained forces of the King.

(OOC: I'm assuming that other history not related to the Spanish Civil War still takes place, and that the man I name is not dead or in another line of work.)

To: Raimondo Lorenzo D'Equevilley
From: Italian Office of Naval Procurement

Italy has heard of your submarine designs and is highly interested in seeing more of your work. Seeing as how your homeland is rife with strife, Italy is willing to shelter you and your work until crisis in your homeland is over. We are willing to grant you $400,000 to develop a diesel powered submarine that is 190 feet long. We request that, when diving, the submarine have an electric motor so that the diesel engine need not run.

REVOLTS SURPPRESSED!

The recent revolt of the SRDSP has been surppresed by the French Foreign Legion and the Spanish Royal Army. The King will make Vallencia the official capital in three days as the revolts have terribly damaged Madrid and Leon. The leaders of the SRDSP did escape the Army and are expected to be recruiting and training new members. The French will be given back the Foreign Legion and asked what they wish in thanks and return.

From: King Alfonso XIII
To: Italian Office of Naval Procurement

He will work for you but we request that we are allowed to have production rights for our navy. We will invest $200,000 into this project and provide you with Raimondo Lorenzo D'Equevilley's genius and designs. We also request a memo on your current international relations as to decide on if an alliance is feasible.

To: King Alfonso XIII
From: Italian Office of Naval Procurement

Italy agrees to the terms issued by the Spanish government, and we will provide the production rights as soon as the design, which we have already named the Pelloux after Luigi Pelloux, war minister, senator, and war hero in various times. Should Spain require such, we can produce the submarines if your recently suppressed revolts damaged naval shipyards.

From: King Alfonso XIII
To: Italian Office of Naval Procurement

We thank you for this offer and will offer that you only produce half of the Spanish ships. We will produce the other half of what we will decide upon as the needed number. We also wish to inquire as to your foreign entanglements as we are thinking of createing an alliance with your country.

To: King Alfonso XIII
From: King Vittorio Emanuele III

Italy is entangled with Germany, a nation which we greatly approve of, and Austria-Hungary, a nation with which relations are tense. Austria-Hungary has occupied a section of land many Italians view as rightfully Italian, with Italian speaking people and nationalists located there. Most notably is the irredented city of Trieste. It is only when these lands are claimed that Italy can truly be unified. France, Britain and Russia all have cordial relations with Italy, with Russia and France having near-friendly relations.

EDIT: Italy agrees to produce half of the Spanish ships.

From: King Alfonso XIII
To: King Vittorio Emanuele III

Seeing as Franco-German relations are tense and we are allys with France we can currently only ask for a Trade Agreement. As Franco-German relations improve we may ask for an alliance but we can not commit to that at this current time.

On behalf of Greater Portugal and our Great King charles the first

we contratulate King Alfonsos hardline stance on internal Affairs in spain. we personally believe that European nations have to preserve their National cutural Indentities that made them great and not fall victim to Beugous liberal republican movements that will drain their nations of all the once stood for....

Jose Marero

Head of foreign affairs and dialogue

Greater Portugal

TOP SECRET

To: King Alfonso XIII
From: King Vittorio Emanuele III
CC: French Government, Portugese Government

Germany has subsequently betrayed us, while there are still some tensions with Austria-Hungary. Our alliance with Germany has become null and void, and our proposal is the formation of a "Mediterranean League" composed of Spain, Italy and, perhaps, France and Portugal. This Mediterranean League would be a mutual defense pact, where an agressor faces war against all nations of the League.

From: King Alfonso XIII
To: King Vittorio Emanuele III
Re:Medditeranean League

I believe this would be a great thing and that we would have little to fear with our combined might. I trust you have sent notice to the French and Portugese?

Increase In Armed Forces

King Alfonso XIII has declared that the Army's size be increased to 1,200,000 able and ready men and the Navy be increased to 250,000 men with 8 Battleships, 24 Cruisers, 16 Destroyers, and 16 of the new Submersible vessels that Italy has been working on. The Army will be ready in 2 years and the Navy in 4 years.

TOP SECRET

To: King Alfonso XIII
From: King Vittorio Emanuele III

Yes, we have sent this note to the French and Portugese (OOC: though not posted in their news threads yet). However, negotiations between our two nations concerning this League can take place at any time, with any future nations that agree to join also joining the negotiations. As a courtesy to Spain, we wish for Spain to select the city for the negotiations.

From: King Alfonso XIII
To: King Vittorio Emanuele III

We thank you for your offer. We believe the grand city of Valenciawould be a wonderful place for such negotiations. They will begin as soon as your diplomats arrive.

To: King Alfonso XIII
From: King Vittorio Emanuele III

Excellent. We shall send our diplomats over shortly, with our diplomats arriving in Valencia in a week.

Valencia Conferrence

The Valencia Conference has yielded a great pact between Italy, Spain, and Portugal which will increase trade and prosperity within our nation and also help secure us in times of need. However, this pact still awaits ratification by the French but we are sure they will agree.

In other news Germany has invaded Morrocco and King Alfonso XIII has issued an ultimatum to them saying that they have 2 weeks to withdraw or suffer retribution from the Spanish, Italian, and Portugese.

New Standard Weapon

The Spanish Armed Forces have now formally adopted the Cei-Riggotti as the standard rifle. It was shown to be durable, reliable and very effective. The High Command expects only greatness from this new Italian weapon.

Mongolia requests aid in its potential independence fight with China. Any weapons, soldiers, and/or supplies that could be spared are greatly welcome. We have vast space and resources that we cannot tap and believe it would be profitable if you helped us.

Mongolia has withdrawn its ambassador from Spain.

The Valencia Gazette

Over the course of this war Spain has lost many of her children but we must remain steadfast and loyal to our allys. King Alfonso XIII has sent the Navy to fight alongside the French as well as 50,000 Infantry to do the same. 150,000 men have also recently arrived to the Italian and Austrian fronts and are attempting to hold the positions while plans for offensives are drawn up. Through this entire war the Troops have served well under General Jorge de Aragon. Upon his return to Spain and the victory over Russia, Germany, and their hangers-on he will be promoted to Major-General and given the title of Grand Duke of the Army.

In other news King Alfonso has recently allowed for a bill to be passed by parliament to appoint a Prime Minister to co-govern with the King allowing for some influence in the government by a elected representative. Elections for the Prime Minister will take place in January of next year.

May God favour the King, Spain, and all Spanish peoples!

The Valencia Gazette

King Alfonso XIII has ordered that all reserves become active with 450,000 men of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Armies training regularly and awaiting their call to the front. The 6th, 7th, and 8th Armies are charged with guarding the country from external threats. Military High Command has ordered the formation of a 9th and 10th Armies to help in Spains struggle against the evil rectionary Empires of Russia, Prussia, and Turkey. They will be drafted from the populous and be ready for combat in late March early April of the next year(ooc:what year is it).

In relation to the upcomeing elections for Primer Ministro many names have been thrown around but the one that stands above all is Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores Juan Gonzalez Tomargo de Salazar who has recently spearheaded the countrys efforts for peace and will lead the Spanish delegation to Washington D.C. if and when the proposed conference begins. he has recently voiced his interest in the position and has been heard saying that he is running. The news on this day is that he has, at this pint in time, announced that he will run for Primer Ministro. he is expected to win with a large majority but we will let the elections show what the populace truely think.

The Valencia Gazette

General Jorge de Aragon returned to Spain today for a temporary visit during the cease fire. The day was filled with meetings and ceremonies but among the most important was the title of Generalísimo de los Ejércitos Españoles being conferred upon him. He was also given the Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III Grand Cross to commemorate his distinguished service in the war and his service of the King in such a time of crisis.

In other news a young member of the Republican Union*, Alejandro Lerroux, a young politician with liberal ideals, has been chosen as Primer Ministro in a stunning upset over the favorite, Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores Juan Gonzalez Tomargo de Salazar. He has been chosen as a deputy three times in 1901, 1903, and 1905. He will be granted the title of Duke of Valencia upon the first of January, nineteen hundred and eight. He is the first Primer Ministro to be elected alongside a King of Spain. The position of Primer Ministro is conferred for life upon the winner of the election.

Alfonso XIII Bourbon, por la gracia de Dios, Reye de España y de la Cruzada, has begun searching for a suitable bride. Several choices have been suggested and it is believed that he will ask Victoria Eugénie Julia Ena, Princess of Battenberg, a grand-daughter of Queen Victoria and neice of Edward VII.

*The Republican Union was a liberal cause withe very progressive views and an affiliation for the working man

The Valencia Gazette

King Alfonso XIII has announced that he has agreed to the Washington Treaty as proposed by the United States of America. He hopes that this treaty will bring peace to Europe and usher in an era of Pax Europa.

Reforms have been passed to take place over the next ten years in which King Alfonso XIII hopes to bring affordable and eventually free education to the masses. He believes that a more educated populace will be able to keep pace with the USA and Great Britain.

Talks have currently gotten underway to wed King Alfonso XIII to the Princess of Battenberg. She is a granddaughter to Queen Victoria and a neice of King Edward VII. It is believed that he is close to secureing her hand and a date for the marriage.

1908: Constitutional Monarchy created with an unwritten constitution such as Britains/ King Alfonso XIII marrys Princess Victoria of Battenberg

1909: Infanta Beatriz Isabel Federica Alfonsa Eugenia born/Economic reforms continue/Adoption of upgraded Cei Rigotti as standard rifle

1910: Minimum wage created/Military reform begins

1911: Infanta Maria Cristina Teresa Alejandra born/Military begins downsizeing

1912: Army reaches 300,000 standing army and 500,000 reserves

1913: Infante Juan Carlos Teresa Silvestre Alfonso born and named heir to the throne as the Count of Barcelona/Army reaches 200,000 standing army and 350,000 reserves/Economic reform continues bringin Spain up to a respectable level for modernized european nations

1914: Infante Gonzalo Manuel Maria Bernardo born a hemophiliac/Army reaches 150,000 standing and 300,000 reserve

1915: Massive efforts put forth to train the military to great extents/Child Labor laws/Spain does not rejoin the Mediteranean League after the pact expires

1916: Public School system of Spain created/Freedom to assemble peacefully is guarnteed as a right after several protests against working conditions

1917: Creation of Army Air Corps with the purchase of 20 Aero-Planes

1918: Government encourages the creation of a Spanish Arms Company that is capable of creating all the means for a successful war

1919: School attendance made mandatory from Monday through Friday and school year established at 240 days of the year/Universal Suffrage granted

The Valencia Gazette

King Alfonso XIII announced today that a date has been set for the marriage of him and Princess Victoria of Battenberg. The date is 12 October, 1908 and it will be held at Valencia on the coast. All nations of the world are welcome to attend or send a representative to attend on behalf of the government. It appears the monarchy will continue for another century!

Greetings, friends in Spain

We and the French have created a common market, with unified business laws, the removal of all barriers to trade, the unification of intelligence services, and the pooling of resources for military research and development. Although we have not contacted the French about this, we feel that they would welcome Spain's admission into this alliance. So we formally invite Spain to join with France and Italy in this new close alliance.

We would be glad to enter a common market system but we do not wish to extend our alliance at this time. For the forseen future we will not renew the Medditeranean League as we wish to remain neutral in any up comeing wars to keep our nation from being hurt economically and physically. We hope you understand this.

Italy understands this, and will make a case for Spain's entering into this common market system, minus all military and intelligence benefits. As we wish to extend this common market system as far as we can, we ask Spain's opinion concerning the entrance of Portugal, Belgium, Burgandy (OOC: or whatever the greater Luxembourg is named), Britain, and the Netherlands. Not all of these countries will sign on, but we intend to ask them anyways.

OOC: Getting Burgundy mixed in with League Political Games would highly upset any German government.

It is a great idea and one bound to fail. So many nations with no tarrifs between them will cause economic shock to the nations and will cause a depression most likely. I believe the entrance of maybe one or two if small nations is possible before economic depression.

The Valencia Gazette

King Alfonso XIII has wed Princess Victoria of Battneberg now Queen Victoria I of Spain. Many foreign dignitaries attended the wedding adn in all it was a grand event.

It is a great idea and one bound to fail. So many nations with no tarrifs between them will cause economic shock to the nations and will cause a depression most likely. I believe the entrance of maybe one or two if small nations is possible before economic depression.

OOC: Not that I have any formal say here but yeah, he's right. You will actually lose money and jobs as your country is flooded with cheaper products. Leastwise thats my guess. Its okay a reduction of tarriffs, but a complete removal? It will most likely be very damaging to your economies as some workers from other country's working for less money with no export tax will result in your markets being flooded with cheap goods. Thus putting your own businesses out of business. Well, thats my two-pence worth.

OOC: Having cheaper products flood your country is, arguably, a good thing in the long run. If you can't compete in say, textiles, the market will rape your textiles. Those who buy textiles will be rewarded with cheaper goods. Eventually, your economy will switch to something you can compete with. And besides, someone has to ship these goods from the port they came in from, and companies can be started like that. Besides, Italy has to import almost all of its fuel and stuff anyways, and we may as well make that fuel cheaper. Also, you can collect sales tax on these goods. You are not just giving up tax money.

And Germany, Italy at this point does not care what you think. You are going red, we don't like you anyways, and to accede to German demands is impossible. If you want to go to war with extending free trade to Burgundy, if Burgundy is so inclined, then be my guest.

The Valencia Gazette

As a show of belief in his own system King Alfonso XIII has allowed Infante Juan Carlos, Count of Barcelona, to recieve schooling at one of the public schools in Valencia. He of course will have tutors at home but by far this shows how much the King believes in his system and trusts it. He was quoted as saying "The Public School System is a grand feat and I believe that it offers a great many chances to people of all class'. To show this my son, Infante Juan Carlos, will be attending The Kings City Primary School." The people are stunned and believe that this will bring about a new age in Spain. An age of prosperity and freedom.

In other news King Alfonso XIII has announced the creation of the Partido Español De Monarcho-Syndicalist or PEMS and his support for their ideals. He has officialy been recognized as President of the party and it is the first time a King has announced support for a political party let alone lead it. Truly it will be a great new era of peace and prosperity.

The Republic of Albania requests Spanish investment and aid.

Turkhan Pasha, President of Albania

ooc: i was asked by tg about this possible alliance so for now i am posting about rumors...

IC: The Valencia Gazette

Rumors have been floating around of a possible alliance with the Germans and Russians or a Ruso-German Union to form a Socialist alliance to combat the capitalists attacks against liberal ideals and our pursuit of freedom. These rumors have yet to be acknowledged by King Alfonso XIII but it is believed that if the offer came that he would recieve it whole-heartedly.

The Valencia Gazette

The Corduba Conference which has been going on for several weeks now promises to yield great things for Spain. The Germans, Russians, and Yugoslavians are said to be mulling over the proposed alliance as we speak and soon Spain will not be without friends. This conference will also yield economic help from the two great powers of Russia and Germany. An NAP may also be agreed upon with Albania and France which will help secure peace for the grand alliance which has yet to be named.

In other news King Alfonso XIII has condemned American imperialism in Venezuela and Morrocco as unethical and unprovoked. He also plans to propose to the world a governing body which could help increase peace and prevent anopther Great War. It is still in the planning stages but he will release the idea by next year at the latest.

the US government informs the Spanish government quietly and through informal meetings that if Spain hadn't started talking to Russia and Germany about an alliance, then the US would have not gone into Morocco. In addition, the US government is curious how the average Spaniard is going to feel about allying with the very same two countries which spilled much Spanish blood only 15 years ago.

To US Government
From Offices of PM Alejandro Lerroux

We wish to inform the USA that our alliance with these states is only a defensive measure as neither of us has any aggressive plans. We have not had plans for Morrocco since I was elected. This alliance is for defense and to create a market with nations that have the same ideals. Also I may point out that the Spanish people chose me as their leader in an open election. I am the leader of the Republican Union, an organization devoted to liberal ideals and the good of the common people. A Syndicalist if you will. The people elected me for life and I have served them well. The Spanish people are not the mindless conservatives they used to be. A failed revolution taught them the value of liberalism and helping the workers.

The Valencia Gazette

SUCCESS! The Corduba Conference has been decided and as of March 1922 the alliance is in effect. Member nations are Germany, Russia, Yugoslavia, Spain, and tentatively Brazil. All delegates have signed and Spain now has three great friends in this dangerous world.

the US Navy moves into Tangiers and Casablanca and begins building bases using as much local labor as possible to spread out the economic benefit. In order to not annoy the sensibilities of the locals and prevent friction, behavior is very tightly regulated. The US 2nd and 6th Marine regiments provide security and protection, while liberal bribes are spent on the Berbers to prevent raiding (and probable fighting that would result).

US Navy submarines are the first ships to arrive, and they begin practicing by stalking Spanish naval ships... at a safe distance of course.

ooc
its likely they aren't spotted much if at all, sonar hasn't been invented yet and hydrophones aren't extremely accurate although they are somewhat. But most ships don't have them.

ooc: what is this brought on by? also im pretty sure i have bases there...

IC: The Valencie Gazette

Premir Ministro Lerroux has condemned American actions in Morrocco as Imperialistic and evil. King Alfonso XIII has also condemned these acts and the US involvement in Venezuela. The US has been notified that if any of their ships or military units are caught on Spanish bases then the SPanish have the right to kill them on site or detain them if possible.

ooc: what is this brought on by? also im pretty sure i have bases there...

I am pretty sure that when you replied to Sharina you didn't indicate you have bases in Morocco, and historically you didn't. The US has clearly indicated its plans in two different threads, so this shouldn't be a surprise. Its not in direct response to your conference, but it is a result of your conference.


IC: The Valencie Gazette

Premir Ministro Lerroux has condemned American actions in Morrocco as Imperialistic and evil. King Alfonso XIII has also condemned these acts and the US involvement in Venezuela. The US has been notified that if any of their ships or military units are caught on Spanish bases then the SPanish have the right to kill them on site or detain them if possible.

Naturally you have that right under international law. However, US warships have not violated Spanish territorial limits.

The Union strongly condemns this needless expansion of American militarism. What kind of democracy requires such force to support it? The answer is clear: a false one.

The Union strongly condemns this needless expansion of American militarism. What kind of democracy requires such force to support it? The answer is clear: a false one.

the US government points out that it has had warships patrolling the Mediterranean since 1800 with the long standing mission of protecting American shipping. These two naval bases merely make it easier to continue that long standing role. The historic treaty with Morocco of friendship also makes this possible, and the US plans to help the Moroccon people without interfering in their government or politics (ooc not that it won't affect it anyway because of all the money that will be pumped into it but that is one of those unintended consequences).

The German attack in 1905 also clearly shows Morocco does need a powerful friend to prevent such an occurance in the future.

Krasnaya Zvezda, Moskva - 12 V 1922

BRITISH PRIME MINISTER OPENLY MOCKS THE HUNGER OF THE POOR

While the drought in Ukraine has as yet claimed few lives, nevertheless it has ruined many poor families and brought crushing poverty into the lives of tens of thousands more who had earlier prospered.

The rest of world has responded to the government's declaration of a state of emergency and decisive action by contributing aid or at least offering to sell grain for distribution to the poor. Even Colombia, putting aside a longtime hostility, has donated perhaps the largest contribution to the relief effort so far, while the United States has opened its markets to Union relief agencies.

Yesterday the British Prime Minister delivered the United Kingdom's gift to the Ukrainian people directly to the Union Embassy. What was it? A crate of caviar, a sack of potatoes, and a note suggesting that "perhaps [they] should be sent back to the Russian Empire [sic] to help feed the people of Ukraine."

Can there yet remain any question as to the moral distinction between the Socialist and capitalist modes of thought?

The Valencia Gazette

A popular Colonel in the Legion Extranjera has seen a rise to leadership like no other man in the Spanish Military. His name, Francisco Franco Bahamonde, is known throughout the Army and Navy as one of the most apt leaders and best strategists of the military. He is expected to be granted the title of General soon and with that appointment will be the youngest General in the SPanish Army. His borther, Ramon Franco Bahamonde, is one of Spains leading aviators and is a Major in the Air Force. He , along with his crew, have been building a hydro-plane to fly a trans-Atlantic flight. They believe they will be ready to fly in 1926. Surely this family must rejoice in haveing high-ranking and famous military men.

The Valencia Gazette

Partido Conservativo Popular, that is the name that the sad men revolting in Zaragoza have called themselves. Already the government has sent 50,000 troops to the city to take control. Many known conservatives have defected to the PCP includeing the once popular Colonel Fransisco Franco. His brother has declared his allegiance to the Partido de Monarcho-Syndicalism and Partido Socialista Obrero Espana. Both popular partys have declared allegiance to the King and Government and the Basque and Catalan seperatists have declared their opposition to the PCP as the current government has given them an equal representation in Parliament and allows limited autonomy. Colonel Franco has declared himself Caudillo de la gente Espana and many of his troops have defected to the PCP with Franco.

The Francist forces led a revolt in Cadiz which effectively took control of the province of Cadiz. The Francist forces are said to number 17,750 and are being bolstered by citizens pledgeing their support. Zaragoza is controlled by the PCP who have officially formed a coalition with the Francists in Cadiz. The total number of their forces is 43,750 and they are marching on Madrid. The 50,000 Government forces will arrive in Zaragoza within two days and 3 cruisers, a destroyer, and 23 torpedo boats have been sent to Cadiz to blockade the port.

The Mediterranean Red Fleet, along with a Division of the Red Army, are on their way to assist the Spanish People in putting down this Falangista [OoC: That was the name of the Spanish Fascists] uprising.

Yugoslavia, though battered by a rebellion of it's own, cannot forget its brothers of Iberia. We are sending 2 divisions (the 6th and 7th INF) to aid your military in any way they need. Once our own crisis is over we will be able to help great Spain more.

We thank you greatly for yopur contribution and await the arrival of more friends eagerly!

[OOC: Falangista was one of the fascist groups...the Phalanx...slightly befitting]

I have to pull the Red Fleet back to Albania. With the arrival of more Germans, though, you should be alright.

The Valencia Gazette

Today, in a speech at Parliament, King Alfonso XIII had this to say about the Americans and the coming war in Europe. "The American Imperialists have taken our rightful lands, lands that have been ours for centuries and stated that we stole them, that we were tyrants over them and allowed them no power! I say that the Americans are wrong! All citizens of Spain, from the Basques to the Catalans to the people in Morrocco. They took the Canary Islands and claim that after being a part of our nation for many years they would gladly become servants to a nation that can only be called a North African Tribe and besubservient to the Muslims there. Thes 'elections' are fraudulant and are only an attempt by the Americans to further their Imperialism and Fascism across the face of the Earth. They rule Morrocco except for in name and they try to take poeples lands and expand in their time of need. These people are lowly scum, parasites who feed off of others hardships to gain for themselves. I, King Alfonso XIII, and my Prime Minister, Alejandro Lerroux, hereby call all socialy minded people to rise up in arms against the Imperialist, Fascist, parasite of a nation that is the United States of America!". All fromer soldiers and veterans of the Great war have been called back to the Army to serve as noncoms and officers. The full force of the Army has been mobilized with all 450,000 troops readying for the inevitable war. Conscription has begun again and the Kings call for men to fight against the Imperialist Fascistshas been answered by some 300,000 men who saw what the Fascists did in the Civil War. The call for veterans to come back has also been answered by some 250,000 former soldiers. Intense training has begun and the Government is allowing many factorys to produce the arms that will be needed. All men should be ready for combat by April. Long live King Alfonso XIII and Prime Minister Lerroux!

The Valencia Gazette

King Alfonso XIII has announced the creation of an elite assault Division. Comprising of the First Army this elite Division will be trained in urban warfare and beach assaults. The new army will be called La Legion Del Campeador in honor of El Cid Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, the famed national hero who controlled Valencia and was one of the first knights of the Reconquista. Hopefully the Legion can live up to his record of never loseing a battle.

The Army will now be changeing standard issue weapons to those outlined by the Germans for all Pact members. The current weapons will be slowly phased out with ammunition for the current weapons being produced until none are left. The High Command hopes that this will help supply problems.

PEACE!

21 May, 1926

On the first of May in the year of our lord nineteenhundred and twenty-six, an armistice went into effect and a peace treaty was ratified by all beligerent nations in this Great War that swept Europe. Our former allies suffered heavily as did we. The Americans are finally vacateing the country as per the seperate treaty signed with the LTA by our gracious King. They have also pledged that the Peoples Monarchy will remain a neutral nation from now on as the two great wars we have seen in our lifetime have shown us the error of our ways in trying to resolve issues through force. He on this day announces the creation of ann alliance for all nations that remain unaligned to either the Pact or LTA to join. The Union of Unaligned Nations is an alliance for the protection of the sovereignty and neutrality of professed neutral nations. He will extend offers to unaligned nations of his chooseing but reminds the world that it is open for all to join. The UUN will have its headquarters in Valencia.

ooc: the UUN is going to be an alliance like the RL alliance formed by nations that were neither members of NATO or Warsaw. basically its for unaligned nations to join and be secure that neither side can attack them. it is not hostile but defensive. if you wish to join please put an application here and i will accept you depending on your neutrality. King Alfonso XIII will be President of the UUN and i will decide on who will be the Secreary latter. both positions will also be explained later. oh and please please please invest in my nation!!!!!

The French government expresses interest in this new alliance, although they would suggest changing the name to the "Neutral Alliance Treaty Orginization".

OOC: heh.

PEACE!

21 May, 1926
[center]
. In the aftermath of this war the nation is shattered and the economy is spiralling downwards. King Alfonso XIII and Peoples Prince Alejandro Lerroux have sent out a plea to all nations of the world to please help our nation get back on its feet. He requests either monetary investment or help with reconstructing our nation. !!!


ooc
you shouldn't be hurting at all at this point... the US rebuilt the industry in Madrid up to modern standards, and the remainder of your industrial sector suffered no damage at all. The US also increased your railroad capicity by 25% and gave it the same railroad gauge as the rest of Europe. In short, you economy is set up that it should easily be able to reach take off.

ooc: but the rest of the world doesnt know that:D

To: Paris, France
From: Valencia, Spain

We are glad that you are interested in our alliance.
Once we get other nations to join we may vote
on our name if you wish.

King Alfonso XIII

To the GOvernment of Spain

Excellent. We look forward to our future peace and prosperity.

ooc: but the rest of the world doesnt know that:D

While under US occupation, the Spanish had a free press (although military information was censored), and corrospondents certainly present from the Latin American countries (who had occupation troops in the country), and you better believe the US War Department made sure that the information got out to the US and British Commonwealth press.

dont worry i was just kidding...i took that stuff out of my post...

EDIT: also spain never had a censored press...

ooc: any still interested may join the UUN...i am also going to make a thread for it...

Is there a thread for the unalligned nations yet?

(OOC: here (http://forums.jolt.co.uk/showthread.php?t=453576))

The Valencia Gazette

In a referendum yesterday the Spanish people voted overwhelmingly to retire Alejandro Lerroux as Pime Minister and have voted an upstanding member of the Cortes, Ramon Franco, has been elected to Prime Minster. He is expected to maintain neutrality and keep the nation out of war while building it up and createing a sufficiant defense force.

ooc: wow im surprised GB didnt stick a "we are glad the spanish have seen their faults and attempted to fix them" post in here...that'd be so E20 american since america is turning into the rl soviet union minus purges and the soviet union is acting like the benevolent anti-authoritarians the RL us was...

ooc: wow im surprised GB didnt stick a "we are glad the spanish have seen their faults and attempted to fix them" post in here...that'd be so E20 american since america is turning into the rl soviet union minus purges and the soviet union is acting like the benevolent anti-authoritarians the RL us was...

ooc
the US has no reason to complain about Spain, so why would it? By the way, what were the results on the Basque and Catalonian referrendums regarding their continued association with the Spanish central government.

Besides, if the US had been acting like the Soviet Union, when the US conquered Spain you would have seen some really impressive purges, and you wouldn't have been allowed to continue to exist as a unified state. Nor would the US have rebuilt half of Spanish industry.

ooc: a slightly more benevolent soviet union lol...ill solve your question on the referendum when i enact the new Peoples Republic of Spain...their constitution will tell you what you need to know...

January 19, 1934
The Valencia Gazette

Today it has been announced that King Alfonso XIII and P.M. Ramon Franco will oversee a constitutional referendum. Rumours have been spreading that the monarchy will be dissolved and that the new state will be a federal republic. Although the rumours are unfounded many do believe that Monarchial rule will finally come to an end. Although they are sad to think of the loss of their great monarch many Spaniards hope for a new age of full democracy and full implementation of their leftist views.

In other news reports have been comeing in of riots and protests by Nationalists and Communists in China. It is unclear as of yet the governments stance on the current events but we have been assured a statement will be made once events unfold and the events can be examined more closely.

February 1, 1934
The Valencia Gazette

On this day the Constitutional Referencum has begun with all current members of the Cortes and the P.M. and King attending. They have set themselves a tight schedule, hopeing to be finished by the end of February. The people were in high spirits as the doors closed on the first day of debate.

The Kings response to the events in China have been made and he says that quote, "The peoples of China have no reason to rebel as their government has provided them with the best they can and the majority of the demands they give have already been met." The King sends his support to Emperor Guozu and the rightful Chinese government.

February 23, 1934
The Castillian Times

SPANISH CONSTITUTION
23 February 1934
I, don Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, announce to all those who may have knowledge of this: that the Cortes have passed and the Spanish people have ratified the following Constitution:

PREAMBLE
The Spanish Nation, desiring to establish justice, liberty, and security, and to promote the well-being of all its members, in the exercise of its sovereignty, proclaims its will to:
Guarantee democratic coexistence within the Constitution and the laws, in accordance with a fair economic and social order.
Consolidate a State of Law which ensures the rule of law as the expression of the popular will.
Protect all Spaniards and peoples of Spain in the exercise of human rights, of their culture and traditions, languages and institutions.
Promote the progress of culture and of the economy to ensure a dignified quality of life for all.
Establish an advanced democratic society, and
Cooperate in the strengthening of peaceful relations and effective cooperation among all the peoples of the earth.
Therefore, the Cortes pass and the Spanish people ratifies the following Constitution.

PRELIMINARY TITLE

Section 1
1. Spain is hereby established as a social and democratic State, subject to the rule of law, which advocates freedom, justice, equality and political pluralism as highest values of its legal system .

2. National sovereignty belongs to the Spanish people, from whom all state powers emanate.

3. The political form of the Spanish State is the Peoples Republic.
Section 2
The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish Nation, the common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards; it recognizes and guarantees the right to self-government of the nationalities and regions of which it is composed and the solidarity among them all.
Section 3
1. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. All Spaniards have the duty to know it and the right to use it.

2. The other Spanish languages shall also be official in the respective Self-governing Communities in accordance with their Statutes.

3. The richness of the different linguistic modalities of Spain is a cultural heritage which shall be specially respected and protected.
Section 4
1.The flag of Spain consists of three horizontal stripes: red, yellow and red, the yellow strip being twice as wide as each red stripe.

2.The Statutes may recognize flags and ensigns of the Self-governing Communities. These shall be used together with the flag of Spain on their public buildings and in their official ceremonies.
Section 5
The capital of the State is the city of Madrid.
Section 6
Political parties are the expression of political pluralism, they contribute to the formation and expression of the will of the people and are an essential instrument for political participation. Their creation and the exercise of their activities are free in so far as they respect the Constitution and the law. Their internal structure and their functioning must be democratic.
Section 7
Trade unions and employers associations contribute to the defence and promotion of the economic and social interests which they represent. Their creation and the exercise of their activities shall be free in so far as they respect the Constitution and the law. Their internal structure and their functioning must be democratic.
Section 8
1. The mission of the Armed Forces, comprising the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, is to guarantee the sovereignty and independence of Spain and to defend its territorial integrity and the constitutional order.

2. The basic structure of military organization shall be regulated by an Organic Act in accordance with the principles of the present Constitution.
Section 9
1. Citizens and public authorities are bound by the Constitution and all other legal previsions.

2. It is the responsibility of the public authorities to promote conditions ensuring that freedom and equality of individuals and of the groups to which they belong are real and effective, to remove the obstacles preventing or hindering their full enjoyment, and to facilitate the participation of all citizens in political, economic, cultural and social life.

3. The Constitution guarantees the principle of legality, the hierarchy of legal provisions, the publicity of legal statutes, the non-retroactivity of punitive provisions that are not favourable to or restrictive of individual rights, the certainty that the rule of law shall prevail, the accountability of public authorities, and the prohibition of arbitrary action of public authorities.


PART I. Fundamental Rights and Duties

Section 10
1. The dignity of the person, the inviolable rights which are inherent, the free development of the personality, the respect for the law and for the rights of others are the foundation of political order and social peace.

2. Provisions relating to the fundamental rights and liberties recognized by the Constitution shall be construed in conformity with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international treaties and agreements thereon ratified by Spain.

CHAPTER 1. Spaniards and Aliens

Section 11
1. Spanish nationality shall be acquired, retained and lost in accordance with the provisions of the law.

2.No person of Spanish birth may be deprived of his or her nationality.

3.The State may negotiate dual nationality treaties with Latin-American countries or with those which have had or which have special links with Spain. In these countries Spaniards may become naturalized without losing their nationality of origin, even if those countries do not grant a reciprocal right to their own citizens.
Section 12
Spaniards come legally of age at eighteen years.
Section 13
1. Aliens in Spain shall enjoy the public freedoms guaranteed by the present Part, under the terms to be laid down by treaties and the law.

2. Only Spaniards shall have the rights recognized in section 23, except in cases which may be established by treaty or by law concerning the right to vote and the right to be elected in municipal elections, and subject to the principle of reciprocity. (This text includes the first constitutional reform adopted on 27/08/1992; it just added the words "and the right to be elected" to the paragraph).

3. Extradition shall be granted only in compliance with a treaty or with the law, on reciprocal basis. No extradition can be granted for political crimes; but acts of terrorism shall not be regarded as such.

4. The law shall lay down the terms under which citizens from other countries and stateless persons may enjoy the right to asylum in Spain.


CHAPTER 2. Rights and freedoms

Section 14
Spaniards are equal before the law and may not in any way be discriminated against on account of birth, race, sex, religion, opinion or any other personal or social condition or circumstance.

Division 1
Fundamental Rights and Public Freedoms
Section 15
Everyone has the right to life and to physical and moral integrity, and under no circumstances may be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading punishment or treatment. Death penalty is hereby abolished, except as provided for by military criminal law in times of war.
Section 16
1. Freedom of ideology, religion and worship of individuals and communities is guaranteed, with no other restriction on their expression than may be necessary to maintain public order as protected by law.

2. No one may be compelled to make statements regarding his or her ideology, religion or beliefs.
3. No religion shall have a state character. The public authorities shall take into account the religious beliefs of Spanish society and shall consequently maintain appropriate cooperation relations with the Catholic Church and other confessions.
Section 17
1. Every person has the right to freedom and security. No one may be deprived of his or her freedom except in accordance with the provisions of this section and in the cases and in the manner provided for by the law.

2. Preventive arrest may last no longer than the time strictly necessary in order to carry out the investigations aimed at establishing the events; in any case the person arrested must be set free or handed over to the judicial authorities within a maximum period of seventy-two hours.

3. Every person arrested must be informed immediately, and in a way understandable to him or her, of his or her rights and of the grounds for his or her arrest, and may not be compelled to make a statement. The arrested person shall be guaranteed the assistance of a lawyer during police and judicial proceedings, under the terms to be laid down by the law.

4. An habeas corpus procedure shall be provided for by law in order to ensure the immediate handing over to the judicial authorities of any person illegally arrested. Likewise, the maximum period of provisional imprisonment shall be determined by law.
Section 18
1. The right to honour, to personal and family privacy and to the own image is guaranteed.

2. The home is inviolable. No entry or search may be made without the consent of the householder or a legal warrant, except in cases of flagrante delicto.

3. Secrecy of communications is guaranteed, particularly regarding postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications, except in the event of a court order.

4. The law shall restrict the use of data processing in order to guarantee the honour and personal and family privacy of citizens and the full exercise of their rights.
Section 19
Spaniards have the right to freely choose their place of residence, and to freely move about within the national territory. Likewise, they have the right to freely enter and leave Spain subject to the conditions to be laid down by the law. This right may not be restricted for political or ideological reasons.
Section 20
1. The following rights are recognized and protected:
a) The right to freely express and spread thoughts, ideas and opinions through words, in writing or by any other means of reproduction.
b) The right to literary, artistic, scientific and technical production and creation.
c) The right to academic freedom.
d)The right to freely communicate or receive truthful information by any means of dissemination whatsoever. The law shall regulate the right to the clause of conscience and professional secrecy in the exercise of these freedoms.

2. The exercise of these rights may not be restricted by any form of prior censorship.

3. The law shall regulate the organization and parliamentary control of the masscommunication means under the control of the State or any public agency and shall guarantee access to such means by the significant social and political groups, respecting the pluralism of society and of the various languages of Spain.

4. These freedoms are limited by respect for the rights recognized in this Part, by the legal provisions implementing it, and especially by the right to honour, to privacy, to the own image and to the protection of youth and childhood.

5. The seizure of publications, recordings and other means of information may only be carried out by means of a court order.
Section 21
1. The right to peaceful unarmed assembly is granted. The exercise of this right shall not require prior authorization.

2. In the case of meetings in public places and of demonstrations, prior notification shall be given to the authorities, who can only forbid them when there are well founded grounds to expect a breach of public order, involving danger to persons or property.
Section 22
1. The right of association is granted.

2. Associations which pursue ends or use means legally defined as criminal offences are illegal.

3. Associations set up on the basis of this section must be entered in a register for the sole purpose of public knowledge.

4. Associations may only be dissolved or have their activities suspended by virtue of a court order stating the reasons for it.

5. Secret and paramilitary associations are prohibited.
Section 23
1. Citizens have the right to participate in public affairs, directly or through representatives freely elected in periodic elections by universal suffrage.

2. They also have the right to accede under conditions of equality to public functions and positions, in accordance with the requirements laid down by the law.
Section 24
1. All persons have the right to obtain effective protection from the judges and the courts in the exercise of their rights and legitimate interests, and in no case may there be a lack of defense.

2. Likewise, all have the right to the ordinary judge predetermined by law; to defense and assistance by a lawyer; to be informed of the charges brought against them; to a public trial without undue delays and with full guarantees; to the use of evidence appropriate to their defense; not to make self-incriminating statements; not to plead themselves guilty; and to be presumed innocent.

3. The law shall specify the cases in which, for reasons of family relationship or professional secrecy, it shall not be compulsory to make statements regarding allegedly criminal offences.

Section 25
1. No one may be convicted or sentenced for actions or omissions which when committed did not constitute a criminal offence, misdemeanour or administrative offence under the law then in force.

2. Punishments entailing imprisonment and security measures shall be aimed at reeducation and social rehabilitation and may not involve forced labour. The person sentenced to prison shall enjoy, during the imprisonment, the fundamental rights contained in this Chapter except those expressly restricted by the content of the sentence, the purpose of the punishment and the penitentiary law. In any case, he or she shall be entitled to paid work and to the appropriate Social Security benefits, as well as to access to cultural opportunities and the overall development of his or her personality.

3. The Civil Administration may not impose penalties which directly of indirectly imply deprivation of freedom.
Section 26
Courts of Honour are prohibited within the framework of the Civil Administration and of professional organizations.
Section 27
1. Everyone has the right to education. Freedom of teaching is recognized.

2. Education shall aim at the full development of human personality with due respect for the democratic principles of coexistence and for basic rights and freedoms.

3. The public authorities guarantee the right of parents to ensure that their children receive religious and moral instruction in accordance with their own convictions.

4. Elementary education is compulsory and free.

5. The public authorities guarantee the right of all to education, through general education programming, with the effective participation of all sectors concerned and the setting-up of educational centres.

6. The right of individuals and legal entities to set up educational centres is recognized, provided they respect constitutional principles.

7. Teachers, parents and, when appropriate, pupils shall participate in the control and management of all centres supported by the Administration out of public funds, under the terms established by the law.

8. The public authorities shall inspect and standardize the educational system in order to ensure compliance with the laws.

9. The public authorities shall help the educational centres which meet the requirements established by the law.

10 . The autonomy of Universities is recognized, under the terms established by the law.
Section 28
1. All have the right to freely join a trade union. The law may restrict or except the exercise of this right in the Armed Forces or Institutes or other bodies subject to military discipline, and shall lay down the special conditions of its exercise by civil servants. Trade union freedom includes the right to set up trade unions and to join the union of one's choice, as well as the right of trade unions to form confederations and to found international trade union organizations, or to become members thereof. No one may be compelled to join a trade union.

2. The right of workers to strike in defence of their interests is recognized. The law governing the exercise of this right shall establish the safeguards necessary to ensure the maintenance of essential public services.
Section 29
1. All Spaniards shall have the right to individual and collective petition, in writing, in the manner and subject to the consequences to be laid down by law.

2. Members of the Armed Forces or Institutes or bodies subject to military discipline may only exercise this right individually and in accordance with statutory provisions relating to them.

Division 2
Rights and Duties of Citizens

Section 30
1. Citizens have the right and the duty to defend Spain.

2. The law shall determine the military obligations of Spaniards and shall regulate, with all due guarantees, conscientious objection as well as other grounds for exemption from compulsory military service; it may also, when appropriate, impose a community service in place of military service.

3. A civilian service may be established with a view to accomplishing objectives of general interest.

4. The duties of citizens in the event of serious risk, catastrophe or public calamity may be regulated by law.
Section 31
1. Everyone shall contribute to sustain public expenditure according to their economic capacity, through a fair tax system based on the principles of equality and progressive taxation, which in no case shall be of a confiscatory scope.

2. Public expenditure shall make an equitable allocation of public resources, and its programming and execution shall comply with criteria of efficiency and economy.

3. Personal or property contributions for public purposes may only be imposed in accordance with the law.
Section 32
1. Man and woman have the right to marry with full legal equality.

2. The law shall make provision for the forms of marriage, the age and capacity for concluding it, the rights and duties of the spouses, the grounds for separation and dissolution, and their effects.

Section 33
1. The right to private property and inheritance is recognized.

2. The social function of these rights shall determine the limits of their content in accordance with the law.

3. No one may be deprived of his or her property and rights, except on justified grounds of public utility or social interest and with a proper compensation in accordance with the law.
Section 34
1. The right to set up foundations for purposes of general interest is recognized in accordance with the law.

2. The provisions of subsections 2 and 4 of section 22 shall also be applicable to foundations.
Section 35
1. All Spaniards have the duty to work and the right to work, to the free choice of profession or trade, to advancement through work, and to a sufficient remuneration for the satisfaction of their needs and those of their families. Under no circumstances may they be discriminated on account of their sex.

2. The law shall regulate a Workers' Statute.
Section 36
The law shall regulate the pecularities of the legal status of Professional Associations and the exercise of degree professions. The internal structure and the functioning of Associations must be democratic.
Section 37
1. The law shall guarantee the right to collective labour bargaining between workers and employers' representatives, as well as the binding force of the agreements.

2. The right of workers and employers to adopt collective labour dispute measures is hereby recognized. The law regulating the exercise of this right shall, without prejudice to the restrictions which it may impose, include the guarantees necessary to ensure the functioning of essential public services.
Section 38
Free enterprise is recognized within the framework of a market economy. The public authorities guarantee and protect its exercise and the safeguarding of productivity in accordance with the demands of the general economy and, as the case may be, of economic planning.


CHAPTER 3
Principles governing Economic and Social Policy

Section 39
1. The public authorities ensure social, economic and legal protection of the family.

2. The public authorities likewise ensure full protection of children, who are equal before the law, regardless of their parentage, and of mothers, whatever their marital status. The law shall provide for the possibility of the investigation of paternity.

3. Parents must provide their children, whether born within or outside wedlock, with assistance of every kind while they are still under age and in other circumstances in which the law so establishes.

4. Children shall enjoy the protection provided for in the international agreements safeguarding their rights.
Section 40
1. The public authorities shall promote favourable conditions for social and economic progress and for a more equitable distribution of regional and personal income within the framework of a policy of economic stability. They shall in particular carry out a policy aimed at full employment.

2. Likewise, the public authorities shall promote a policy guaranteeing professional training and retraining; they shall ensure labour safety and hygiene and shall provide for the need of rest by limiting the duration of working day, by periodic paid holidays, and by promoting suitable centres.
Section 41
The public authorities shall maintain a public Social Security system for all citizens guaranteeing adequate social assistance and benefits in situations of hardship, especially in case of unemployment. Supplementary assistance and benefits shall be optional.
Section 42
The State shall be especially concerned with safeguarding the economic and social rights of Spanish workers abroad, and shall direct its policy towards their return.
Section 43
1. The right to health protection is recognized.
It is incumbent upon the public authorities to organize and watch over public health by means of preventive measures and the necessary benefits and services. The law shall establish the rights and duties of all in this respect.

2. The public authorities shall foster health education, physical education and sports. Likewise, they shall encourage the proper use of leisure time.
Section 44
1. The public authorities shall promote and watch over access to culture, to which all are entitled.

2. The public authorities shall promote science and scientific and technical research for the benefit of the general interest.
Section 45
1. Everyone has the right to enjoy an environment suitable for the development of the person, as well as the duty to preserve it.

2. The public authorities shall watch over a rational use of all natural resources with a view to protecting and improving the quality of life and preserving and restoring the environment, by relying on an indispensable collective solidarity.

3. For those who break the provisions contained in the foregoing paragraph, criminal or, where applicable, administrative sanctions shall be imposed, under the terms established by the law, and they shall be obliged to repair the damage caused.
Section 46
The public authorities shall guarantee the preservation and promote the enrichment of the historical, cultural and artistic heritage of the peoples of Spain and of the property of which it consists, regardless of their legal status and their ownership. The criminal law shall punish any offences against this heritage.
Section 47
All Spaniards have the right to enjoy decent and adequate housing. The public authorities shall promote the necessary conditions and establish appropriate standards in order to make this right effective, regulating land use in accordance with the general interest in order to prevent speculation. The community shall have a share in the benefits accruing from the town-planning policies of public bodies.
Section 48
The public authorities shall promote conditions for the free and effective participation of young people in political, social, economic and cultural development.
Section 49
The public authorities shall carry out a policy of preventive care, treatment, rehabilitation and integration of the physically, sensorially and mentally handicapped by giving them the specialized care they require, and affording them special protection for the enjoyment of the rights granted by this Part to all citizens.
Section 50
The public authorities shall guarantee, through adequate and periodically updated pensions, a sufficient income for citizens in old age. Likewise, and without prejudice to the obligations of the families, they shall promote their welfare through a system of social services that provides for their specific problems of health, housing, culture and leisure.
Section 51
1. The public authorities shall guarantee the protection of consumers and users and shall, by means of effective measures, safeguard their safety, health and legitimate economic interests.

2. The public authorities shall promote the information and education of consumers and users, foster their organizations, and hear them on those matters affecting their members, under the terms established by law.

3. Within the framework of the provisions of the foregoing paragraphs, the law shall regulate domestic trade and the system of licensing commercial products.
Section 52
The law shall regulate the professional organizations which contribute to the defence of their own economic interests. Their internal structure and their functioning must be democratic.


CHAPTER 4.
Guarantee of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms

Section 53
1. The rights and freedoms recognized in Chapter 2 of the present Part are binding on all public authorities. Only by an act which in any case must respect their essential content, could the exercise of such rights and freedoms be regulated, which shall be protected in accordance with the provisions of section 161(1) a).

2. Any citizen may assert a claim to protect the freedoms and rights recognized in section 14 and in division 1 of Chapter 2, by means of a preferential and summary procedure before the ordinary courts and, when appropriate, by lodging an individual appeal for protection (recurso de amparo) to the Constitutional Court. This latter procedure shall be applicable to conscientious objection as recognized in section 30.

3. Recognition, respect and protection of the principles recognized in Chapter 3 shall guide legislation, judicial practice and actions by the public authorities. They may only be invoked before the ordinary courts in accordance with the legal provisions implementing them.
Section 54
An organic act shall regulate the institution of the Defender of the People (Defensor del Pueblo) as high commissioner of the Cortes Generales, appointed by them to defend the rights contained in this Part; for this purpose he or she may supervise the activity of the Administration and report thereon to the Cortes Generales. (Senate Standing Orders, section 183).


CHAPTER 5
Suspension of Rights and Freedoms

Section 55
1. The rights recognized in sections 17 and 18, subsections 2 and 3, sections 19 and 20, subsection 1, paragraphs a) and d), and subsection 5; sections 21 and 28, subsection 2, and section 37, subsection 2, may be suspended when a state of emergency or siege (martial law) is declared under the terms provided in the Constitution. Subsection 3 of section 17 is excepted from the foregoing provisions in the event of the declaration of a state of emergency.

2. An organic act may determine the manner and the circumstances in which, on an individual basis and with the necessary participation of the courts and proper parliamentary control, the rights recognized in section 17, subsection 2, and 18, subsections 2 and 3, may be suspended for specific persons in connection with investigations of the activities of armed bands or terrorist groups.

Unwarranted or abusive use of the powers recognized in the foregoing organic act shall give rise to criminal liability as a violation of the rights and freedoms recognized by the laws.

PART II. The Cortes Generales
CHAPTER 1. Houses of Parliament


Section 56
1. The Cortes Generales represent the Spanish people and shall consist of the Congress and the Senate.

2. The Cortes Generales exercise the legislative power of the State and adopt its Budget, control the action of the Government and have the other competences assigned by the Constitution.

3. The Cortes Generales are inviolable.
Section 57
1. No one may be a member of both Houses simultaneously, or be a representative in the Assembly of a Self-governing Community and a Member of Congress at the same time.

2. Members of the Cortes Generales shall not be bound by any compulsory mandate.

3. Meetings of members of Parliament which are held without having been called in the statutory manner, shall not be binding on the Houses, and members may not exercise their functions nor enjoy their privileges.
Section 58
1. The Congress shall consist of a minimum of three hundred and a maximum of four hundred Members, elected by universal, free, equal, direct and secret suffrage, under the terms to be laid down by the law.

2. The electoral constituency is the province. The cities of Ceuta and Melilla shall be represented by one Member each. The total number of Members shall be distributed in accordance with the law, each constituency being allotted a minimum initial representation and the remainder being distributed in proportion to the population.

3. The election in each constituency shall be conducted on the basis of proportional representation.

4. The Congress is elected for four years. The term of office of Members thereof ends four years after their election or on the day on which the Congress is dissolved.

5. All Spaniards entitled to the full exercise of their political rights shall be electors and may be elected.
The law shall recognize and the State shall facilitate the exercise of the right of vote by Spaniards who are outside Spanish territory.

6. Elections shall take place between thirty and sixty days after the end of the previous term of office. The Congress so elected must be convened within twenty-five days following the holding of elections.
Section 59
1. The Senate is the House of territorial representation.

2. In each province, four Senators shall be elected by the voters thereof by universal, free, equal, direct and secret suffrage, under the terms to be laid down by an organic act.

3. In the insular provinces, each island or group of islands with a Cabildo or insular Council shall be a constituency for the purpose of electing Senators; there shall be three Senators for each of the major islands --Gran Canaria, Mallorca and Tenerife-- and one for each of the following islands or groups of islands: Ibiza-Formentera, Menorca, Fuerteventura, Gomera, Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma.

4. The Self-governing Communities shall, in addition, appoint one Senator and a further Senator for every million inhabitants in their respective territories.

5. The appointment shall be incumbent upon the Legislative Assembly or, in default thereof, upon the Self-governing Community's highest corporate body as provided for by its Statute which shall, in any case, guarantee adequate proportional representation.

6. The Senate is elected for four years. The Senators' term of office shall end four years after their election or on the day on which the House is dissolved.
Section 60
1. The Electoral Act shall establish grounds for ineligibility and incompatibility for Members of Congress and Senators, which shall in any case include those who are:

a)Members of the Constitutional Court.

b)High officers of the State Administration as laid down by law, with the exception of the members of the Government.

c)The Defender of the People.

d)Magistrates, Judges and Public Prosecutors when in office.

e)Professional soldiers and members of the Security and Police Forces and Corps in active service.

f)Members of the Electoral Commissions.

2. The validity of the certificates of election and credentials of members of each House shall be subject to judicial control, under the terms to be laid down in the Electoral Act.

Section 61
1. Members of Congress and Senators shall enjoy freedom of speech for opinions expressed in the exercise of their functions.

2. During their term of office, Members of Congress and Senators shall likewise enjoy freedom from arrest and may be arrested only in the event of flagrante delicto. They may be neither indicted nor tried without prior authorization of their respective House.

3. In criminal proceedings brought against Members of Congress and Senators, the competent court shall be the Criminal Section of the Supreme Court.

4. Members of Congress and Senators shall receive a salary to be determined by the respective House.
Section 62
1. The Houses lay down their own Standing Orders, adopt their budgets autonomously and, by common agreement, regulate the Personnel Statute of the Cortes Generales. The Standing Orders and their reform shall be subject to a final vote over the whole text, which shall require the overall majority.

2. The Houses elect their respective Speakers and the other members of their Bureaus. Joint sittings shall be presided over by the Speaker of the Congress and shall be governed by the Standing Orders of the Cortes Generales approved by the overall majority of members of each House.

3. The Speakers of the Houses shall exercise on their behalf all administrative powers and disciplinary functions within its premises.
Section 63
1. The Houses shall meet annually for two ordinary periods of sessions: the first from September to December, and the second from February to June.

2. The Houses may meet in extraordinary sessions at the request of the Government, of the Permanent Deputation or of the overall majority of members of either of the two Houses. Extraordinary sessions must be convened with a specific agenda and shall be adjourned once this has been dealt with.
Section 64
1. The Houses shall meet in joint session in order to exercise the non-legislative powers expressly conferred upon the Cortes Generales by Part II.
2. The decisions of the Cortes Generales specified in sections 94(1), 145(2) and 158(2) shall be taken by a majority vote of each of the Houses. In the first case, the procedure shall be initiated by the Congress, and in the remaining two by the Senate. In any case, if an agreement is not reached between the Senate and the Congress, an attempt to reach agreement shall be made by a Mixed Committee consisting of an equal number of Members of Congress and Senators. The Committee shall submit a text which shall be voted on by both Houses. If this is not approved in the established manner, the Congress shall decide by overall majority.
Section 65
1. The Houses shall convene in Plenary sittings and in Committees.

2. The Houses may delegate to Standing Legislative Committees the approval of Government or non-governmental bills. However, the Plenary sitting may at any time demand that any Government or non-governmental bill that has been so delegated be debated and voted upon by the Plenary itself.

3. Excluded from the provisions of the foregoing paragraph are constitutional reform, international affairs, organic and basic acts and the Budget.
Section 66
1. The Congress and the Senate and, when appropriate, both Houses jointly, may appoint enquiry committees on any matter of public interest. Their conclusions shall not be binding on the Courts, nor shall they affect judicial decisions, but the results of investigations may be referred to the Public Prosecutor for the exercise of appropriate action whenever necessary.

2. It shall be compulsory to appear when summoned by the Houses. The law shall regulate penalties to be imposed for failure to comply with this obligation.
Section 67
1. The Houses may receive individual and collective petitions, always in writing; direct submission by citizens' demonstrations is prohibited.

2. The Houses may refer such petitions to the Government. The Government shall provide an explanation regarding their content, when required to do so by the Houses.
Section 68
1. In each House there shall be a Permanent Deputation (Diputación Permanente) consisting of a minimum of twenty-one members who shall represent the parliamentary groups in proportion to their numerical importance.

2. The Permanent Deputation shall be presided over by the Speaker of the respective House and their functions shall be that provided in section 73, that of assuming the powers of the Houses in accordance with sections 86 and 116 in case that the latter have been dissolved or their terms have expired, and that of safeguarding the powers of the Houses when they are not in session.

3. On the expiration of the term or in case of dissolution, the Permanent Deputations shall continue to exercise their functions until the constitution of the new Cortes Generales.

4. When the House concerned meets, the Permanent Deputation shall report on the matters dealt with and on its decisions.
Section 69
1. In order to adopt agreements, the Houses must meet in statutory manner, with the majority of their members present.

2. In order to be valid, such agreements must be approved by the majority of the members present, without prejudice to the special majorities that may be required by the Constitution or the organic acts and those which are provided for by the Standing Orders of the Houses for the election of persons.

3. The vote of Senators and Members of Congress shall be personal and may not be delegated.
Section 70
Plenary meetings of the Houses shall be public, except when otherwise decided by each House by overall majority, or in accordance with the Standing Orders.


CHAPTER 2. Drafting of Bills

Section 71
1. Organic acts are those relating to the implementation of fundamental rights and public freedoms, those approving the Statutes of Autonomy and the general electoral system and other laws provided for in the Constitution.

2. The approval, amendment or repeal of organic acts shall require the overall majority of the Members of Congress in a final vote on the bill as a whole.
Section 72
1. The Cortes Generales may delegate to the Government the power to issue rules with the force of an act of the Parliament on specific matters not included in the foregoing section.

2. Legislative delegation must be granted by means of act of basic principles when its purpose is to draw up texts in sections, or by an ordinary act when it is a matter of consolidating several legal statutes into one.

3. Legislative delegation must be expressly granted to the Government for a concrete matter and with a fixed time limit for its exercise. The delegation shall expire when the Government has made use of it through the publication of the corresponding regulation. It may not be construed as having been granted implicitly or for an indeterminate period. Nor shall sub-delegation to authorities other than the Government itself be authorized.

4. Acts of basic principles shall define precisely the purpose and scope of legislative delegation, as well as the principles and criteria to be followed in its exercise.

5. Authorization for consolidating legal texts shall determine the legislative scope implicit in the delegation, specifying if it is restricted to the mere drafting of a single text or whether it includes regulating, clarifying and harmonizing the legal statutes to be consolidated.

6. The acts of delegation may provide for additional control devices in each case, without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Courts.
Section 73
The acts of basic principles may in no case:

a) Authorize the modification of the act itself.

b) Grant power to enact retroactive regulations.
Section 74
In the event that a non-governmental bill or an amendment is contrary to a currently valid legislative delegation, the Government may oppose its processing. In this case, a non-governmental bill may be submitted for the total or partial repeal of the delegation act.
Section 75
Government provisions containing delegated legislation shall bear the title of "Legislative Decrees".
Section 76
1. In case of extraordinary and urgent need, the Government may issue temporary legislative provisions which shall take the form of decree-laws and which may not affect the legal system of the basic State institutions, the rights, duties and freedoms of the citizens contained in Part 1, the system of Self-governing Communities, or the general electoral law.

2. Decree-laws must be inmediately submitted for debate and voting by the entire Congress, which must be summoned for this purpose if not already in session, within thirty days of their promulgation. The Congress shall adopt an specific decision on their ratification or repeal in the said period, for which purpose the Standing Orders shall contemplate a special summary procedure.

3. During the period referred to in the foregoing subsection, the Cortes may process them as Government bills by means of the urgency procedure.
Section 77
1. Legislative initiative belongs to the Government, the Congress and the Senate, in accordance with the Constitution and the Standing Orders of the Houses.

2. The Assemblies of Self-governing Communities may request the Government to adopt a bill or may refer a non-governmental bill to the Bureau of Congress and delegate a maximum of three Assembly members to defend it.

3. An organic act shall lay down the manner and the requirements of the popular initiative for submission of non-governmental bills. In any case, no less than 500.000 authenticated signatures shall be required. This initiative shall not be allowed on matters concerning organic acts, taxation, international affairs or the prerogative of pardon.
Section 78
Government bills shall be approved by the Council of Ministers which shall refer them to the Congress, attaching a statement setting forth the necessary grounds and facts to reach a decision thereon.
Section 79
1. The reading of non-governmental bills shall be regulated by the Standing Orders of the Houses in such a way that the priority attached to Government bills shall not prevent the exercise of the right to propose legislation under the terms laid down in section 77.

2. Non-governmental bills which, in accordance with section 87, are taken under consideration in the Senate, shall be referred to the Congress for reading.
Section 80
1. An organic act shall lay down the terms and procedures for the different kinds of referendum provided for in this Constitution.

2. Within two months after receiving the text, the Senate may, by a message stating the reasons for it, adopt a veto or approve amendments thereto. The veto must be adopted by overall majority. The bill may not be submitted to the King for assent unless, in the event of veto, the Congress has ratified the initial text by overall majority or by single majority if two months have elapsed since its introduction, or has reached a decision as to the amendments, accepting them or not by single majority.

3. The period of two months allowed to the Senate for vetoing or amending a bill shall be reduced to twenty calendar days for bills declared by the Government or by the Congress to be urgent.
Section 81
The President shall, within a period of fifteen days, give his assent to bills drafted by the Cortes Generales, and shall promulgate them and order their publication forthwith.
Section 82
1. Political decisions of special importance may be submitted to all citizens in a consultative referendum.

2. The referendum shall be called by the King on the President of the Government's proposal after previous authorization by the Congress.

3. An organic act shall lay down the terms and procedures for the different kinds of referendum provided for in this Constitution.

CHAPTER 3. International Treaties

Section 83
Authorization may be granted by an organic act for concluding treaties by which powers derived from the Constitution shall be transferred to an international organization or institution. It is incumbent on the Cortes Generales or the Government, as the case may be, to ensure compliance with these treaties and with resolutions originating in the international and supranational organizations to which such powers have been so transferred.
Section 84
1. The giving of the consent of the State to enter any commitment by means of treaty or agreement, shall require prior authorization of the Cortes Generales in the following cases:

a) Treaties of a political nature.

b) Treaties or agreements of a military nature.

c) Treaties or agreements affecting the territorial integrity of the State or the fundamental rights and duties established under Part 1.

d) Treaties or agreements which imply financial liabilities for the Public Treasury.

e) Treaties or agreements which involve amendment or repeal of some law or require legislative measures for their execution.

2. The Congress and the Senate shall be informed forthwith of the conclusion of any other treaties or agreements.
Section 85
1. The conclusion of an international treaty containing stipulations contrary to the Constitution shall require prior constitutional amendment.

2. The Government or either House may request the Constitutional Court to declare whether or not such a contradiction exists
Section 86
1. Validly concluded international treaties, once officially published in Spain, shall be part of the internal legal system. Their provisions may only be repealed, amended or suspended in the manner provided for in the treaties themselves or in accordance with the general rules of international law.

2. The procedure provided for in section 94 for entering into international treaties and agreements shall be used for denouncing them.

PART III. Government and Administration

Section 87
The Government shall conduct domestic and foreign policy, civil and military administration and the defence of the State. It exercises executive authority and the power of statutory regulations in accordance with the Constitution and the laws.
Section 88
1. The Government shall consist of the President, Vice-Presidents, when appropiate, Ministers and other members as may be created by law.

2. The President shall direct the Governments' action and coordinate the functions of the other members thereof, without prejudice to the competence and direct responsability of the latter in the discharge of their duties.

3. Members of the Government may not perform representative functions other than those derived from their parliamentary mandate, nor any other public function not deriving from their office, nor engage in any professional or commercial activity whatsoever.

4. The status and incompatibilities of members of the Government shall be laid down by law.
Section 89
1. After each renewal of the Congress and in the other cases provided for under the Constitution, the King shall, after consultation with the representatives appointed by the political groups with parliamentary representation, and through the Speaker of the Congress, nominate a candidate for the Presidency of the Government.

2. The candidate nominated in accordance with the provisions of the foregoing subsection shall submit to the Congress the political programme of the Government he or she intends to form and shall seek the confidence of the House.

3. If the Congress, by vote of the overall majority of its members, grants to said candidate its confidence, the King shall appoint him or her President. If overall majority is not obtained, the same proposal shall be submitted for a fresh vote forty-eight hours after the previous vote, and confidence shall be deemed to have been secured if granted by single majority.

4. If, after this vote, confidence for the investiture has not been obtained, successive proposals shall be voted upon in the manner provided for in the foregoing paragraphs.

5. If within two months of the first vote for investiture no candidate has obtained the confidence of the Congress, the President shall dissolve both Houses and call for new elections, with the countersignature of the Speaker of the Congress.
Section 90
The other members of the Government shall be appointed and dismissed by the President.
Section 91
1.The Government shall resign after the holding of general elections, in the event of loss of parliamentary confidence as provided in the Constitution, or on the resignation or death of the President.

2. The outgoing Government shall continue as acting body until the new Government takes office.
Section 92
1. The President and other members of the Government shall be held criminally liable, should the occasion arise, before the Criminal Section of the Supreme Court.

2. If the charge were treason or any offence against the security of the State committed in the discharge of office, it may only be brought against them on the initiative of one quarter of Members of Congress and with the approval of the overall majority thereof.

3. The Presidential prerogative of pardon shall not apply any of the cases provided for under the present section.
Section 93
1. The Public Administration shall serve the general interest in a spirit of objectivity and shall act in accordance with the principles of efficiency, hierarchy, decentralization, deconcentration and coordination, and in full subordination to the law.

2. The organs of State Administration are set up, directed and coordinated in accordance with the law.

3. The law shall lay down the status of civil servants, the entry into the civil service in accordance with the principles of merit and ability, the special features of the exercise of their right to union membership, the system of incompatibilities and the guarantees regarding impartiality in the discharge of their duties.
Section 94
1. The Security Forces and Corps serving under the Government shall have the duty to protect the free exercise of rights and freedoms and to guarantee the safety of citizens.

2. An organic act shall specify the duties, basic principles of action and statutes of the Security Forces and Corps.
Section 95
The law shall make provision for:
a) The hearing of citizens, directly, or through the organizations and associations recognized by the law, in the process of drawing up the administrative provisions which affect them.
b) The access of citizens to administrative files and records, except to the extent that they may concern the security and defence of the State, the investigation of crimes and the privacy of persons.
c) The procedures for the taking of administrative action, with due safeguards for the hearing of interested parties when appropriate.
Section 96
1. The Courts shall check the power to issue regulations and ensure that the rule of law prevails in administrative action, and that the latter is subordinated to the ends which justify it.

2. Private individuals shall, under the terms laid down by law, be entitled to compensation for any harm they may suffer in any of their property and rights, except in cases of force majeure, whenever such harm is the result of the operation of public services.
Section 97
The Council of State is the supreme consultative body of the Government. An organic act shall make provision for its membership and its terms of reference.


PART IV. Relations between the Government and the Cortes Generales

Section 98
The Government is jointly accountable before the Congress for its conduct of political business.
Section 99
The Houses and their Committees may, through their respective Speaker, request any kind of information and help they may need from the Government and Government Departments and from any authorities of the State and Self-governing Communities.
Section 100
1. The Houses and their Committees may summon members of the Government.

2. Members of the Government are entitled to attend meetings of the Houses and their Committees and to be heard in them and may request that officials from their Departments are allowed to report to them.
Section 101
1. The Government and each of its members are subject to interpellations and questions put to them in the Houses. The Standing Orders shall set aside a minimum weekly time for this type of debate.

2. Any interpellation may give rise to a motion in which the House states its position.
Section 102
The President of the Government, after deliberation by the Council of Ministers, may ask the Congress for a vote of confidence in favour of his or her programme or of a general policy statement. Confidence shall be deemed to have been obtained when a single majority of the Members of Congress vote in favour.
Section 103
1. The Congress may require political responsibility from the Government by adopting a motion of censure by overall majority of its Members.

2. The motion of censure must be proposed by at least one tenth of the Members of Congress and shall include a candidate for the office of the Presidency of the Government.

3. The motion of censure may not be voted until five days after it has been submitted. During the first two days of this period, alternative motions may be submitted.

4. If the motion of censure is not adopted by the Congress, its signatories may not submit another during the same period of sessions.
Section 104
1. If the Congress withholds its confidence from the Government, the latter shall submit its resignation to the Speaker, whereafter the President of the Government shall be nominated in accordance with the provisions of section 89.

2. If the Congress adopts a motion of censure, the Government shall submit its resignation to the Speaker, and the candidate proposed in the motion of censure shall be deemed to have the confidence of the House for the purposes provided in section 89. The Speaker shall appoint him or her President of the Government.
Section 105
1. The President of the Government, after deliberation by the Council of Ministers, and under his or her sole responsibility, may propose the dissolution of the Congress, the Senate or the Cortes Generales, which shall be proclaimed by the King. The decree of dissolution shall set a date for the elections.

2. The proposal for dissolution may not be submitted while a motion of censure is pending.

3. There shall be no further dissolution until a year has elapsed since the previous one, except as provided for in section 89, subsection 5.
Section 106
1. An organic act shall make provision for the states of alarm, emergency and siege (martial law) and the powers and restrictions attached to each of them.

2. A state of alarm shall be proclaimed by the Government, by means of a decree agreed in Council of Ministers, for a maximum period of fifteen days. The Congress shall be informed and must meet immediately, and without its authorization the said period may not be extended. The decree shall specify the territory to which the effects of the proclamation apply.

3. A state of emergency shall be proclaimed by the Government by decree agreed in Council of Ministers, after prior authorization by the Congress. The authorization for and proclamation of a state of emergency must specifically state the effects thereof, the territory to which it is to apply and its duration, which may not exceed thirty days, subject to extension for a further thirty-day period, with the same requirements.

4. A state of siege (martial law) shall be proclaimed by overall majority of Congress solely on the Government's proposal. Congress shall determine its territorial extension, duration and terms.

5. The Congress may not be dissolved while any of the states referred to in the present section remains in force, and if the Houses are not in session, they shall be automatically convened. Their functioning, as well as that of the other constitutional State authorities, may not be interrupted while any of these states is in force.

If, in the event that the Congress has been dissolved or its term has expired, a situation giving rise to any of these states should occur, the powers of the Congress shall be assumed by its Permanent Deputation.

6. Proclamation of states of alarm, emergency and siege shall not affect the principle of liability of the Government or its agents as recognized in the Constitution and the laws.


PART V. Judicial Power

Section 107
1. Justice emanates from the people and is administered on behalf of the President by judges and magistrates members of the Judicial Power who shall be independent, shall have fixity of tenure, shall be accountable for their acts and subject only to the rule of law.

2. Judges and magistrates may only be dismissed, suspended, transferred or retired on the grounds and subject to the safeguards provided for by the law.

3. The exercise of judicial authority in any kind of action, both in ruling and having judgments executed, is vested exclusively in the courts and tribunals laid down by the law, in accordance with the rules of jurisdiction and procedure which may be established therein.

4. Judges and courts shall not exercise any powers other than those indicated in the foregoing subsection and those which are expressly allocated to them by law as a guarantee of any right.

5. The principle of jurisdictional unity is the basis of the organization and operation of the courts. The law shall make provision for the exercise of military jurisdiction strictly within military framework and in cases of state of siege (martial law), in accordance with the principles of the Constitution.

6. Courts of exception are prohibited.
Section 108
It is compulsory to comply with sentences and other final resolutions of judges and courts, as well as to pay them such assistance as they may require in the course of trials and for the execution of judgments.
Section 109
Justice shall be free when thus provided for by law, and shall in any case be so in respect of those who have insufficient means to sue in court.
Section 110
1. Judicial proceedings shall be public, with the exceptions contemplated in the laws on procedure.

2. Proceedings shall be predominantly oral, especially in criminal cases.

3. Judgments shall always specify the grounds therefore, and they shall be delivered in a public hearing.
Section 111
Damages caused by judicial error as well as those arising from irregularities in the administration of justice shall give rise to a right to compensation by the State, in accordance with the law.
Section 112
1. The Organic Act of the Judicial Power shall make provision for the setting up, operation and internal administration of courts and tribunals as well as for the legal status of professional judges and magistrates, who shall form a single body, and of the staff serving in the administration of justice.

2. The General Council of the Judicial Power is its governing body. An organic act shall lay down its status and the system of incompatibilities applicable to its members and their functions, especially in connection with appointments, promotions, inspection and the disciplinary system.

3. The General Council of the Judicial Power shall consist of the President of the Supreme Court, who shall preside it, and of twenty members appointed by the King for a five-year period, of which twelve shall be judges and magistrates of all judicial categories, under the terms provided for by the organic act; four nominated by the Congress and four by the Senate, elected in both cases by three-fifths of their members amongst lawyers and other jurists of acknowledged competence with more than fifteen years of professional practice.
Section 113
1. The Supreme Court, with jurisdiction over the whole of Spain, is the highest judicial body in all branches of justice, except with regard to provisions concerning constitutional guarantees.

2. The President of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President, on the General Council of the Judicial Power proposal in the manner to be laid down by the law.
Section 114
1. The Office of Public Prosecutor, without prejudice to functions entrusted to other bodies, has the task of promoting the operation of justice in the defence of the rule of law, of citizens' rights and of the public interest as safeguarded by the law, whether ex officio or at the request of interested parties, as well as that of protecting the independence of the courts and securing before them the satisfaction of social interest.

2. The Office of Public Prosecutor shall discharge its duties through its own bodies in accordance with the principles of unity of operation and hierarchical subordination, subject in all cases to the principles of the rule of law and of impartiality.

3. The organic statute of the Office of the Public Prosecutor shall be laid down by law.

4. The State's Public Prosecutor shall be appointed by the King on the Government's proposal after consultation with the General Council of the Judicial Power.
Section 115
Citizens may engage in popular action and take part in the administration of justice through the institution of the jury, in the manner and with respect to those criminal trials as may be determined by law, as well as in customary and traditional courts.
Section 116
The judicial police shall report to the judges, the courts and the Public Prosecutor when discharging their duties of crime investigation and the discovery and arrest of offenders, under the terms to be laid down by the law.
Section 117
1. Judges and magistrates as well as public prosecutors, whilst actively in office, may not hold other public office nor belong to political parties or unions. The law shall make provision for the system and methods of professional association for judges, magistrates and prosecutors.

2. The law shall make provision for the system of incompatibilities for members of the Judicial Power, which must ensure their total independence.


PART VI. Economy and Finance

Section 118
1. The entire wealth of the country in its different forms, irrespective of ownership, shall be subordinated to the general interest.

2. Public initiative in economic activity is recognized. Essential resources or services may be reserved by law to the public sector especially in the case of monopolies. Likewise, State intervention in companies may be imposed when the public interest so demands.
Section 119
1. The law shall establish the forms of participation of the persons concerned in Social Security and in the activities of those public bodies whose operation directly affects quality of life or general welfare.

2. The public authorities shall efficiently promote the various forms of participation in the enterprise and shall encourage cooperative societies by means of appropriate legislation. They shall also establish means to facilitate access by workers to ownership of the means of production.
Section 120
1. The public authorities shall promote the modernization and development of all economic sectors and, in particular, of agriculture, livestock raising, fishing and handicrafts, in order to bring the standard of living of all Spaniards up to the same level.

2. For the same purpose, special treatment shall be given to mountain areas.
Section 121
1. The State shall be empowered to plan general economic activity by an act in order to meet collective needs, to balance and harmonize regional and sectorial development and to stimulate the growth of income and wealth and their more equitable distribution.

2. The Government shall draft planning projects in accordance with forecasts supplied by Self-governing Communities and with the advice and cooperation of unions and other professional, employers' and financial organizations. A council shall be set up for this purpose, whose membership and duties shall be laid down by the law.
Section 122
1. The law shall lay down the rules governing public and communal property, on the basis that it shall be inalienable, exempt from prescription and cannot be attached under any circumstances, and it shall also provide for the case of disaffectation from public purpose.

2. The goods of the State's public property shall be that established by law and shall, in any case, include the foreshore beaches, territorial waters and the natural resources of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf.

3. The State's Domain and the National Heritage, as well as their administration, protection and preservation, shall be regulated by law.
Section 123
1. The primary power to raise taxes is vested exclusively in the State by means of law.

2. Self-governing Communities and local Corporations may impose and levy taxes, in accordance with the Constitution and the laws.

3. Any fiscal benefit affecting State taxes must be established by virtue of law.

4. Public Administrations may only contract financial liabilities and incur expenditures in accordance with the law.
Section 124
1. It is incumbent upon the Government to draft the State Budget and upon the Cortes Generales to examine, amend and adopt it.

2. The State Budget shall be drafted annually and shall include the entire expenditure and income of the State public sector and a specific mention shall be made of the amount of the fiscal benefits affecting State taxes.

3. The Government must submit the draft State Budget to the Congress at least three months before the expiration of that of the previous year.

4. If the Budget Bill is not passed before the first day of the corresponding financial year, the Budget of the previous financial year shall be automatically extended until the new one is approved.

5. Once the Budget Bill has been adopted, the Government may submit bills involving increases in public expenditure or decreases in the revenue corresponding to the same financial year.

6. Any non-governmental bill or amendment which involves an increase in appropriations or a decrease in budget revenue shall require previous approval by the Government before its passage.

7. The Budget Act may not establish new taxes. It may modify them, wherever a tax law of a substantive nature so provides.
Section 125
1. The Government must be authorized by law in order to issue Public Debt bonds or to contract loans.

2. Loans to meet payment on the interest and capital of the State's Public Debt shall always be deemed to be included in budget expenditure and may not be subject to amendment or modification as long as they conform to the terms of issue.
Section 126
1. The Auditing Court is the supreme body charged with auditing the State's accounts and financial management, as well as those of the public sector.
It shall be directly accountable to the Cortes Generales and shall discharge its duties by delegation of the same when examining and verifying the General State Accounts.

2. The State Accounts and those of the State's public sector shall be submitted to the Auditing Court and shall be audited by the latter.
The Auditing Court, without prejudice to its own jurisdiction, shall send an annual report to the Cortes Generales informing them, where applicable, of any infringements that may, in its opinion, have been committed, or any liabilities that may have been incurred.

3. Members of the Auditing Court shall enjoy the same independence and fixity of tenure and shall be subject to the same incompatibilities as judges.

4. An organic act shall make provision for membership, organization and duties of the Auditing Court.


PART VII. Territorial Organization of the State
CHAPTER 1. General Principles

Section 127
The State is organized territorially into municipalities, provinces and the Self-governing Communities that may be constituted. All these bodies shall enjoy self-government for the management of their respective interests.
Section 128
1. The State guarantees the effective implementation of the principle of solidarity proclaimed in section 2 of the Constitution, by endeavouring to establish a fair and adequate economic balance between the different areas of the Spanish territory and taking into special consideration the circumstances pertaining to those which are islands.

2. Differences between Statutes of the different Self-governing Communities may in no case imply economic or social privileges.
Section 129
1. All Spaniards have the same rights and obligations in any part of the State territory.

2. No authority may adopt measures which directly or indirectly hinder freedom of movement and settlement of persons and free movement of goods throughout the Spanish territory.


CHAPTER 2. Local Government

Section 130
The Constitution guarantees the autonomy of municipalities. These shall enjoy full legal personality. Their government and administration shall be vested in their Town Councils, consisting of Mayors and councillors. Councillors shall be elected by residents of the municipality by universal, equal, free, direct and secret suffrage, in the manner provided for by the law. The Mayors shall be elected by the councillors or by the residents. The law shall lay down the terms under which an open council of all residents may proceed.
Section 131
1. The province is a local entity, with its own legal personality, arising from the grouping of municipalities, and a territorial division designed to carry out the activities of the State. Any alteration of provincial boundaries must be approved by the Cortes Generales in an organic act.

2. The government and autonomous administration of the provinces shall be entrusted to Provincial Councils (Diputaciones) or other Corporations that must be representative in character.

3. Groups of municipalities other than provinces may be formed.

4. In the archipelagos, each island shall also have its own administration in the form of Cabildo or Insular Council.
Section 132
Local treasuries must have sufficient funds available in order to perform the tasks assigned by law to the respective Corporations, and shall mainly be financed by their own taxation as well as by their share of State taxes and those of Self-governing Communities.

CHAPTER 3. Self-governing Communities

Section 133
1. In the exercise of the right to self-government recognized in section 2 of the Constitution, bordering provinces with common historic, cultural and economic characteristics, insular territories and provinces with a historic regional status may accede to self-government and form Self-governing Communities (Comunidades Autónomas) in conformity with the provisions contained in this Part and in the respective Statutes.

2. The right to initiate the process towards self-government lies with all the Provincial Councils concerned or with the corresponding inter-island body and with two thirds of the municipalities whose population represents at least the majority of the electorate of each province or island. These requirements must be met within six months from the initial agreement reached to this aim by any of the local Corporations concerned.

3. If this initiative is not successful, it may be repeated only after five years have elapsed.
Section 134
The Cortes Generales may, in the national interest, and by an organic act:

a) Authorize the setting-up of a Self-governing Community, where its territory does not exceed that of a province and does not possess the characteristics outlined in section 133, paragraph 1.

b) Authorize or grant, as the case may be, a Statute of Autonomy to territories which are not integrated into the provincial organization.

c) Take over the initiative of the local Corporations referred to in section 133, paragraph 2.
Section 135
1. Under no circumstances shall a federation of Self-governing Communities be allowed.

2. Statutes of Autonomy may provide for the circumstances, requirements and terms under which Self-governing Communities may reach agreements among themselves for the management and rendering of services in matters pertaining to them, as well as for the nature and effects of the corresponding notification to be sent to the Cortes Generales. In all other cases, cooperation agreements among Self-governing Communities shall require authorization by the Cortes Generales.
Section 136
The draft Statute of Autonomy shall be drawn up by an assembly consisting of members of the Provincial Council or inter-island body of the provinces concerned, and the respective Members of Congress and Senators elected in them, and shall be sent to the Cortes Generales for its drafting as an Act.
Section 137
1. Within the terms of the present Constitution, Statutes of Autonomy shall be the basic institutional rule of each Self-governing Community and the State shall recognize and protect them as an integral part of its legal system.

2. The Statutes of Autonomy must contain:

a) The name of the Community which best corresponds to its historic identity.

b) Its territorial boundaries.

c) The name, organization and seat of its own autonomous institutions.

d) The powers assumed within the framework laid down by the Constitution and the basic rules for the transfer of the corresponding services.

3. Amendment of Statutes of Autonomy shall conform to the procedure established therein and shall in any case require approval of the Cortes Generales through an organic act.
Section 138
1. The Self-governing Communities may assume competences over the following matters:
1.- Organization of their institutions of self-government.
2.- Changes in municipal boundaries within their territory and, in general, functions appertaining to the State Administration regarding local Corporations, whose transfer may be authorized by legislation on local governement.
3.- Town and country planning and housing.
4.- Public works of interest to the Self-governing Community, within its own territory.
5.- Railways and roads whose routes lie exclusively within the territory of the Selfgoverning Community and transport by the above means or by cable fulfilling the same conditions.
6.- Ports of haven, recreational ports and airports and, in general, those which are not engaged in commercial activities.
7.- Agriculture and livestock raising, in accordance with general economic planning.
8.- Woodlands and forestry.
9.- Management of environmental protection.
10.- Planning, construction and exploitation of hydraulic projects, canals and irrigation of interest to the Self-governing Community; mineral and thermal waters.
11.- Inland water fishing, shellfish industry and fishfarming, hunting and river fishing.
12.- Local fairs.
13.- Promotion of economic development of the Self-governing Community within the objectives set by national economic policy.
14.- Handicrafts.
15.- Museums, libraries and music conservatories of interest to the Self-governing Community.
16.- The Self-governing Community's monuments of interest.
17.- The promotion of culture and research and, where applicable, the teaching of the Self-governing Community's language.
18.- The promotion and planning of tourism within its territorial area.
19.- The promotion of sports and the proper use of leisure.
20.- Social assistance.
21.- Health and hygiene.
22.- The supervision and protection of its buildings and installations. Coordination and other powers relating to local police forces under the terms to be laid down by an organic act.
2. After five years, the Self-governing Communities may, by amendment of their Statutes of Autonomy, progressively enlarge their powers within the framework laid down in section 139.

Section 139
1. The State shall have exclusive competence over the following matters:
1.- Regulation of basic conditions guaranteeing the equality of all Spaniards in the exercise of their rights and in the fulfilment of their constitutional duties.
2.- Nationality, immigration, emigration, status of aliens, and right of asylum.
3.- International relations.
4.- Defence and the Armed Forces.
5.- Administration of Justice.
6.- Commercial, criminal and penitentiary legislation; procedural legislation, without prejudice to the necessary specialities in these fields arising from the peculiar features of the substantive law of the Self-governing Communities.
7.- Labour legislation, without prejudice to its execution by bodies of the Self-governing Communities.
8.- Civil legislation, without prejudice to the preservation, modification and development by the Self-governing Communities of their civil law, foral or special, whenever these exist, and traditional charts. In any event rules for the application and effectiveness of legal provisions, civil relations arising from the forms of marriage, keeping of records and drawing up to public instruments, bases of contractual liability, rules for resolving conflicts of law and determination of the sources of law in conformity, in this last case, with the rules of traditional charts or with those of foral or special laws.
9.- Legislation on copyright and industrial property.
10.- Customs and tariff regulations; foreign trade.
11.- Monetary system: foreign currency, exchange and convertibility; bases for the regulations concerning credit, banking and insurance.
12.- Legislation on weights and measures and determination of the official time.
13.- Basic rules and coordination of general economic planning.
14.- General financial affairs and State Debt.
15.- Promotion and general coordination of scientific and technical research.
16.- External health measures; basic conditions and general coordination of health matters; legislation on pharmaceutical products.
17.- Basic legislation and financial system of Social Security, without prejudice to implementation of its services by the Self-governing Communities.
18.- Basic rules of the legal system of Public Administrations and the status of their officials which shall, in any case, guarantee that all persons under said administrations will receive equal treatment; the common administrative procedure, without prejudice to the special features of the Self-governing Communities' own organizations; legislation on compulsory expropriation; basic legislation on contracts and administrative concessions and the system of liability of all Public Administrations.
19.- Sea fishing, without prejudice to the powers which, in regulations governing this sector, may be vested to the Self-governing Communities.
20.- Merchant navy and registering of ships; lighting of coasts and signals at sea; general-interest ports; general-interest airports; control of the air space, air traffic and transport; meteorological services and aircraft registration.
21.- Railways and land transport crossing through the territory of more than one Self-governing Community; general system of communications; motor vehicle traffic; Post Office services and telecommunications; air and underwater cables and radiocommunications.
22.- Legislation, regulation and concession of hydraulic resources and development where the water-streams flow through more than one Self-governing Community, and authorization for hydro-electrical power plants whenever their operation affects other Communities or the lines of energy transportation are extended over other Communities.
23.- Basic legislation on environmental protection, without prejudice to powers of the Self-governing Communities to take additional protective measures; basic legislation on woodlands, forestry and cattle trails.
24.- Public works of general benefit or whose execution affects more than one Self-governing Community.
25.- Basic regulation of mining and energy.
26.- Manufacturing, sale, possession and use of arms and explosives.
27.- Basic rules relating to organization of the press, radio and television and, in general, all mass-communications media without prejudice to powers vested in the Self-governing Communities for their development and implementation.
28.- Protection of Spain's cultural and artistic heritage and national monuments against exportation and spoliation; museums, libraries, and archives belonging to the State, without prejudice to their management by the Self-governing Communities.
29.- Public safety, without prejudice to the possibility of creation of police forces by the Self-governing Communities, in the manner to be provided for in their respective Statutes of Autonomy and within the framework to be laid down by an organic act.
30.- Regulation of the requirements for obtention, issue and standardization of academic degrees and professional qualifications and basic rules for implementation of section 27 of the Constitution, in order to guarantee the fulfilment of the duties of public authorities in this matter.
31.- Statistics for State purposes.
32.- Authorization of popular consultations through the holding of referendums.
2. Without prejudice to the competences that may be assumed by the Self-governing Communities, the State shall consider the promotion of culture a duty and an essential function and shall facilitate cultural communication among the Self-governing Communities, in cooperation with them.
3. Matters not expressly assigned to the State by this Constitution may fall under the jurisdiction of the Self-governing Communities by virtue of their Statutes of Autonomy. Jurisdiction on matters not claimed by Statutes of Autonomy shall fall with the State, whose laws shall prevail, in case of conflict, over those of the Self-governing Communities regarding all matters in which exclusive jurisdiction has not been conferred upon the latter. State law shall in any case be suppletory of that of the Self-governing Communities.
Section 140
1. The Cortes Generales, in matters of State jurisdiction, may confer upon all or any of the Self-governing Communities the power to pass legislation for themselves within the framework of the principles, bases and guidelines laid down by a State act. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Courts, each enabling act shall make provision for the method of supervision by the Cortes Generales over the Communities' legislation.

2. The State may transfer or delegate to the Self-governing Communities, through an organic act, some of its powers which by their very nature can be transferred or delegated. The law shall, in each case, provide for the appropriate transfer of financial means, as well as specify the forms of control to be retained by the State.

3. The State may enact laws laying down the necessary principles for harmonizing the rule-making provisions of the Self-governing Communities, even in the case of matters over which jurisdiction has been vested to the latter, where this is necessary in the general interest. It is incumbent upon the Cortes Generales, by overall majority of the members of each House, to evaluate this necessity.

Section 141
1. It shall not be necessary to wait for the five-year period referred to in section 138, subsection 2, to elapse when the initiative for the autonomy process is agreed upon within the time limit specified in section 133, subsection 2, not only by the corresponding Provincial Councils or inter-island bodies but also by three-quarters of the municipalities of each province concerned, representing at least the majority of the electorate of each one, and said initiative is ratified in a referendum by the overall majority of electors in each province, under the terms to be laid down by an organic act.

2. In the case referred to in the foregoing paragraph, procedure for drafting the Statute of Autonomy shall be as follows:
1.- The Government shall convene all Members of Congress and Senators elected in the constituencies of the territory seeking self-government, in order that they may set themselves up as an Assembly for the sole purpose of drawing up a Statute of Autonomy, to be adopted by the overall majority of its members.
2.- Once the draft Statute has been passed by the Parliamentarians' Assembly, it is to be sent to the Constitutional Committee of the Congress which shall examine it within two months with the cooperation and assistance of a delegation from the Assembly which has proposed it, in order to decide by common agreement upon its final form.
3.- If such agreement is reached, the resulting text shall be submitted in a referendum to the electorate in the provinces within the territory to be covered by the proposed Statute.
4.- If the draft Statute is approved in each province by the majority of validly cast votes, it shall be referred to the Cortes Generales. Each House, in plenary sitting, shall decide upon the text by means of a vote of ratification. Once the Statute been passed, the President shall give his assent and promulgate it as an act.
5.- If the agreement referred to in paragraph ii) of this subsection is not reached, the legislative process for the draft Statute in the Cortes Generales shall be the same as that for a bill. The text passed by the latter shall be submitted to a referendum of the electorate of the provinces within the territory to be covered by the draft Statute. In the event that it is approved by the majority of validly cast votes in each province, it shall be promulgated as provided in the foregoing paragraph.

3. In the cases described in paragraphs iv) and v) of the foregoing subsection, failure by one or several of the provinces to ratify the draft Statute shall not prevent constitution of the remaining provinces into a Self-governing Community in the manner to be provided for by the organic act contemplated in subsection 1 of this section.
Section 142
1. In the case of Statutes passed by means of the procedure referred to in the foregoing section, the institutional self-government organization shall be based on a Legislative Assembly elected by universal suffrage under a system of proportional representation which shall also assure the representation of the various areas of the territory; an Executive Council with executive and administrative functions and a President elected by the Assembly among its members and appointed by the President of the Senate. The President shall assume leadership of the Executive Council, the supreme representation of the Community and the State's ordinary representation in the latter. The President and the members of the Executive Council shall be politically accountable to the Assembly.

A High Court of Justice, without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, shall be the head of Judicial Power in the territory of the Self-governing Community. The Statutes of Autonomy may make provision for the circumstances and the manner in which the Community is to take part in the setting-up of the judicial districts of the territory. Provided that they must conform to the provisions of the Organic Act on the Judicial Power and to the principles of unity and independence of the judicial power.

Without prejudice to the provisions of section 113, successive proceedings, if any, shall be held before judicial bodies located in the same territory of the Self-governing Community in which the Court having jurisdiction in the first instance is located.

2. Once the Statutes have received the Royal Assent and been promulgated, they may be amended only by the procedure provided for therein and a referendum of registered electors in the Self-governing Community.

3. By grouping bordering municipalities together, the Statutes may set up their own territorial constituencies which shall enjoy full legal personality.
Section 143
Control over the bodies of the Self-governing Communities shall be exercised by:

a) The Constitutional Court, in matters pertaining to the constitutionality of their regulatory provisions having the force of law.
b) The Government, after the handing down by the Council of State of its opinion, regarding the exercise of delegated functions referred to in section 140, subsection 2.
c) Jurisdictional bodies of administrative litigation with regard to autonomic administration and its regulations.
d) The Auditing Court, with regard to financial and budgetary matters.
Section 144
A delegate appointed by the Government shall be responsible for the State administration in the territory of each Self-governing Community and shall coordinate it, when necessary, with the Community's own administration.
Section 145
1. If a Self-governing Community does not fulfil the obligations imposed upon it by the Constitution or other laws, or acts in a way that is seriously prejudicial to the general interest of Spain, the Government, after having lodged a complaint with the President of the Self-governing Community and failed to receive satisfaction therefore, may, following approval granted by the overall majority of the Senate, take all measures necessary to compel the Community to meet said obligations, or to protect the above-mentioned general interest.

2. With a view to implementing the measures provided for in the foregoing paragraph, the Government may issue instructions to all the authorities of the Self-governing Communities.
Section 146
1. The Self-governing Communities shall enjoy financial autonomy for the development and exercise of their powers, in conformity with the principles of coordination with the State Treasury and solidarity among all Spaniards.

2. The Self-governing Communities may act as delegates or agents of the State for the collection, management and assessment of the latter's tax resources, in conformity with the law and their Statutes.
Section 147
1. The resources of the Self-governing Communities shall consist of:

a) Taxes wholly or partially made over to them by the State; surcharges on State taxes and other shares in State revenue.

b) Their own taxes, rates and special levies.

c) Transfers from an inter-territorial compensation fund and other allocations to be charged to the State Budget.

d) Revenues accruing from their property and private law income.

e) Interest from loan operations.

2. The Self-governing Communities may under no circumstances introduce measures to raise taxes on property located outside their territory or likely to hinder the free movement of goods or services.

3. Exercise of the financial powers set out in subsection 1 above, rules for settling the conflicts which may arise, and possible forms of financial cooperation between the Self-governing Communities and the State may be laid down by an organic act.
Section 148
1. An allocation may be made in the State Budget to the Self-governing Communities in proportion to the amount of State services and activities for which they have assumed responsibility and to guarantee a minimum level of basic public services throughout Spanish territory.

2. With the aim of redressing interterritorial economic imbalances and implementing the principle of solidarity, a compensation fund shall be set up for investment expenditure, the resources of which shall be distributed by the Cortes Generales among the Self-governing Communities and provinces, as the case may be.

PART VIII. The Constitutional Court

Section 149
1. The Constitutional Court shall consist of twelve members appointed by the President. Of these, four shall be nominated by the Congress by a majority of three-fifths of its members, four shall be nominated by the Senate with the same majority, two shall be nominated by the Government, and two by the General Council of the Judicial Power.

2. Members of the Constitutional Court shall be appointed among magistrates and prosecutors, university professors, public officials and lawyers, all of whom must have a recognized standing with at least fifteen years' practice in their profession.

3. Members of the Constitutional Court shall be appointed for a period of nine years and shall be renewed by thirds every three years.

4. Membership of the Constitutional Court is incompatible with any position of a representative nature, any political or administrative office, a management position in a political party or a trade union as well as any employment in their service, active service as a judge or prosecutor and any professional or business activity whatsoever.
Incompatibilities for members of the Judicial Power shall also apply to members of the Constitutional Court.

5. Members of the Constitutional Court shall be independent and enjoy fixity of tenure during their term of office.
Section 150
The President of the Constitutional Court shall be appointed by the King among its members, on the proposal of the full Court itself, for a term of three years.
Section 151
1. The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction over the whole Spanish territory and is entitled to hear:

a) Appeals against the alleged unconstitutionality of acts and statutes having the force of an act. A declaration of unconstitutionality of a legal provision having the force of an act and that has already been applied by the Courts, shall also affect the case-law doctrine built up by the latter, but the decisions handed down shall not lose their status of res judicata.

b) Individual appeals for protection (recursos de amparo) against violation of the rights and freedoms contained in section 53(2) of the Constitution, in the circumstances and manner to be laid down by law.

c) Conflicts of jurisdiction between the State and the Self-governing Communities or between the Self-governing Communities themselves.

d) Other matters assigned to it by the Constitution or by organic acts.

2. The Government may appeal to the Constitutional Court against provisions and resolutions adopted by the bodies of the Self-governing Communities, which shall bring about the suspension of the contested provisions or resolutions, but the Court must either ratify or lift the suspension, as the case may be, within a period of not more than five months.
Section 152
1. The following are entitled to:

a) Lodge an appeal of unconstitutionality: the President of the Government, the Defender of the People, fifty Members of Congress, fifty Senators, the Executive body of a Self-governing Community and, where applicable, its Assembly.

b) Lodge an individual appeal for protection (recurso de amparo): any individual or body corporate with a legitimate interest, as well as the Defender of the People and the Public Prosecutor's Office.

2. In all other cases, the organic act shall determine which persons and bodies shall have right of appeal to the Court.
Section 153
If a judicial body considers, when hearing a case, that a regulation having the force of an act which is applicable thereto and upon the validity of which the judgment depends, might be contrary to the Constitution, it may bring the matter before the Constitutional Court in the circumstances, manner and subject to the consequences to be laid down by law, which shall in no case have a suspensive effect.
Section 154
1. The judgments of the Constitutional Court shall be published in the Official State Gazette (Boletín Oficial del Estado), with the dissenting opinions, if any. They have the force of res judicata from the day following their publication, and no appeal may be brought against them. Those declaring the unconstitutionality of an act or of a statute with the force of an act and all those which are not limited to the acknowledgment of an individual right, shall be fully binding on all persons.

2. Unless the judgment rules otherwise, the part of the act not affected by unconstitutionality shall remain in force.
Section 155
An organic act shall make provision for the functioning of the Constitutional Court, the status of its members, the procedure to be followed before it, and the conditions governing actions brought before it.


PART IX. Constitutional Amendment

Section 156
The right to propose a constitutional amendment shall be exercised under the provisions of section 77, subsections 1 and 2.
Section 157
1. Bills on constitutional amendments must be approved by a majority of three-fifths of members of each House. If there is no agreement between the Houses, an effort to reach it shall be made by setting up a Joint Committee of an equal number of Members of Congress and Senators which shall submit a text to be voted on by the Congress and the Senate.

2. If approval is not obtained by means of the procedure outlined in the foregoing subsection, and provided that the text has been passed by the overall majority of the members of the Senate, the Congress may pass the amendment by a two-thirds vote in favour.

3. Once the amendment has been passed by the Cortes Generales, it shall be submitted to ratification by referendum, if so requested by one tenth of the members of either House within fifteen days after its passage.
Section 158
1. If a total revision of the Constitution is proposed, or a partial revision thereof, affecting the Introductory Part, Chapter II, Division 1 of Part I, the principle of the proposed reform shall be approved by a two-thirds majority of the members of each House, and the Cortes Generales shall immediately be dissolved.

2. The Houses elected thereupon must ratify the decision and proceed to examine the new constitutional text, which must be passed by a two-thirds majority of the members of each House.

3. Once the amendment has been passed by the Cortes Generales, it shall be submitted to ratification by referendum.
Section 159
The process of constitutional amendment may not be initiated in time of war or under any of the states contemplated in section 106.


ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS

One. The Constitution protects and respects the historic rights of the territories with traditional charts (fueros). The general updating of historic rights shall be carried out, where appropriate, within the framework of the Constitution and of the Statutes of Autonomy.
Two. The provision of section 12 of this Constitution regarding the coming of age, shall not be prejudicial to cases in which traditional charts are applicable within the sphere of private law.
Three. Any change in the financial and tax system of the Canary Islands shall require a previous report from the Self-governing Community or, as the case may be, from the provisional self-government body.
Four. In Self-governing Communities where more than one Court of Appeal (Audiencia Territorial) holds jurisdiction, the Statutes of Autonomy may maintain the existing Courts and share out jurisdiction among them, provided this is done in accordance with the provisions of the Organic Act on the Judicial Power and in conformity with the unity and independence of the latter.

TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

One. In territories with a provisional self-government regime, their higher corporate bodies may, by means of a resolution adopted by the overall majority of their members, assume for themselves the initiative for autonomy which section 133, subsection 2, confers upon the Provincial Councils or corresponding inter-island bodies.
Two. The territories which in the past have, by plebiscite, approved draft Statutes of Autonomy and which at the time of the promulgation of this Constitution, have provisional self-government regimes, may proceed immediately in the manner contemplated in section 138, subsection 2, if agreement to do so is reached by the overall majority of their pre self-government higher corporate bodies, and the Government shall be duly informed. The draft Statutes shall be drawn up in accordance with the provisions of section 141, subsection 2, where so requested by the pre Self-government assembly.
Three. The right to initiate the process towards self-government conferred on local authorities or their members, provided in section 133, subsection 2, shall be postponed for all purposes until the first local elections have taken place, once the Constitution has come into force.
Four.In the case of Navarra, and for the purpose of its integration into the General Basque Council or into the autonomous Basque institutions which may replace it, the procedure contemplated by section 133 of this Constitution shall not apply. The initiative shall lie instead with the appropriate historic institution (órgano foral), whose decision must be taken by the majority of its members. The initiative shall further require for its validity the ratification by a referendum expressly held to this end and approval by the majority of votes validly cast.
If the initiative does not succeed, it may only be repeated during a further term of office of the competent Foral body and, in any case, after the minimum period laid down in section 133 has elapsed.
Five. Where several draft Statutes are referred to the Constitutional Committee of the Congress, they shall be considered in the order in which they are received. The two month period referred to in section 151 shall be counted from the moment in which the Committee completes its study of the draft or of the drafts that it has successively examined.
Six. The provisional self-government bodies shall be considered to be dissolved in the following cases:

a) Once the bodies provided for by the Statutes of Autonomy passed in conformity with the Constitution have been set up.

b) In the event that the initiative for the obtention of autonomy status should not be successful for non-compliance with the requirements of section 133.

c) If the relevant body has not exercised the right recognized in the First Transitional Provision within a period of three years.
Seven.
1. Once the present Constitution has come into force, the Houses that have adopted it shall assume the functions and powers set out therein for the Congress and the Senate respectively. Provided that under no circumstances shall their term of office continue beyond June 15, 1936.

2. With regard to the provisions of section 89, the promulgation of the Constitution shall be considered as creating the constitutional basis for the subsequent application of those provisions. To this end, there shall be a thirty day period, as from the date of the promulgation, for implementing the provisions contained in said section.
During this period, the current President of the Government assuming the functions and powers vested by the Constitution for this office, may decide to use the authority conferred by section 105 or, through resignation, leave the way open for application of section 89. In the latter case, the situation as regards the President shall be that provided in subsection 2 of section 91.

3. In the event of dissolution, in accordance with section 105, and if the provisions contained in sections 58 and 59 have not been enacted, the rules previously in force shall apply to the ensueing elections, except for causes of ineligibility and incompatibilities, to which section 60, subsection 1, paragraph b), of this Constitution shall be directly applicable, as well as its provisions concerning voting age and those of ection 59, subsection 3.
Eight. Three years after the election of the members of the Constitutional Court of the first tie, lots shall be drawn to choose a group of four members of the same electoral origin who are to resign and be replaced. The two members appointed following proposal by the Government and the two appointed following proposal by the General Council of the Judicial Power shall be considered as members of the same electoral origin exclusively for this purpose. After three years have elapsed, the same procedure shall be carried out with regard to the two groups not affected by the aforementioned drawing of lots. Thereafter, the provisions contained in subsection 3 of section 149 shall apply.


REPEALS

To the extent that it may still retain some validity, the Act of October 25, 1839 shall be definitively repealed in so far as it applies to the provinces of Alava, Guipúzcoa and Vizcaya.
Subject to the same terms, the Act of July 21, 1876 shall be deemed to be definitively repealed.
Likewise, any provisions contrary to those contained in the Constitution are hereby repealed.

FINAL PROVISION

This Constitution shall come into force on the day of publication of its official text in the Official State Gazette (Boletín Oficial del Estado). It shall also be published in the other languages of Spain.
Wherefore, we order all Spaniards, whether individuals or authorities, to abide by this Constitution and ensure that it is observed as a Fundamental Law of the State. Palacio de las Cortes, the twenty-third of February of nineteen hundred and thirty-four.

ALFONSO

THE PEOPLES PRINCE
Ramon Franco y Bahamonde

THE SPEAKER OF THE CONGRESS
Fernando Alvarez de Miranda y Torres

THE SPEAKER OF THE SENATE
Antonio Fontán Pérez

OOC: Did you write this all by yourself?

ooc: nope. its an edited version of the spanish constitution of 1978. I just felt like posting it since its one of the major documents for the period that weve RPED, besides treatys and such...

21 March, 1934
The Castillian Times

Indalecio Prieto Tuero, a leading member of the reformist wing of PSOE has won the first ever Presidential election in Spain. His term of five years began March 15 and the next Presidential elections will be held in November 1939.

He has expressed his interest in recreateing ties with the US and makeing better diplomatic stances between our two nations. He has also expressed his interest in creating a small but effective standing army and increase the production capacity of Spain.

He has pledged to uphold the constitution and by his wn account "do his best for the Spanish people". He has already set about his Presidential tasks and has surely began creating programs and budgets to help Spain.

The Castillian Times

After mid-term elections for the Cortes General that placed Iniciativa De la Gente Española in power of bothe the Senate and Congress, the two/thirds majority that was needed for a no confidence vote has occured. After a referendum and the impeachment of President Prieto the Iniciativa De la Gente Española have voted in the Speaker of the Senate, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the former Military Dictator and General, Miguel Primo de Rivera, as the new President. The referendum also officially changed the name of the nation to the Spanish Republic.

The people hope that this new party will bring prosperity and peace to the people of Spain and achieve neutrality for them. The party has voiced its support of the MEU government in their civil war and has sent an ambassador to the USA and USSR to recieve aknowledgement as a neutral state.

OOC: the son of a prominent fascist becomes president as member of a fascist-like party and nothing happens? see ottoman khaif THIS is why I wanted to quit...NOT EVEN A FASCIST TAKEOVER CAN MAKE PEOPLE CARE WHAT I POST UNLESS ITS A WAR!

OOC: the son of a prominent fascist becomes president as member of a fascist-like party and nothing happens? see ottoman khaif THIS is why I wanted to quit...NOT EVEN A FASCIST TAKEOVER CAN MAKE PEOPLE CARE WHAT I POST UNLESS ITS A WAR!
Kind of like the real Spain?

The last time we got involved in Spain we all got hosed. The Americans don't care as long as you're not Leftists. Frankly I don't know what you expect - you post inconsistently, haven't followed through with a lot of major international initiatives, and have specifically avoided cultivating powerful alliances with any other states since you and the rest of us got burned for the Cordoba Treaty.

OOC: I go on hiatus randomnly because nothing ever happens when I do anything international and frankly am becomeing fed up. Everything I DO try to do is immediately intervened in by either you or GB resulting in me loseing something and getting hosed in the end. Im fed up because it took Ottoman Khaif to explain the points system to me, after I had repeatedly asked in the economic thread for help. Oh and at least I post, there are plenty of nations taken on the main page that I never see posting.

ooc
Its not personal, its just that Spain was in the way during the 2nd Great War.

Seriously though, Fascism isn't really recognized yet as a danger by the West, as so far its only showed up in Portugal, and maybe a few other nations, and is hard to distinguish from typical Cadillio type systems in Latin nations. So far in this game the US has only intervened if a nation is threat to it from a geopolitical viewpoint. Now technically under the Peace Treaty that Spain signed Spain is supposed to remain neutral, but as that treaty is between the LTA and Spain, it could be amended without violating international law.

Although I suspect the Pact will not be pleased.

OOC: No they wont but screw the pact. All they got me was a severly limited military and screwed up economy.

OOC: No they wont but screw the pact. All they got me was a severly limited military and screwed up economy.

OOC
If Spain joins the LTA, the US will pressure the Canary Islands to rejoin Spain.

OOC
If Spain joins the LTA, the US will pressure the Canary Islands to rejoin Spain.
OoC: If the US brings Spain into the LTA, there will be problems. The Americans went to war to keep Spain out of the Pact - the lack of respect that Washington shows us in return will not be taken kindly.

IC
Warsaw strongly objects to the inclusion of yet another Continental state in this bellicose alliance. This would be in direct violation of Article 2 of the Hague Treaty (http://forums.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=9901626&postcount=104), and thus would further fatally violate the Charter of the League of Nations. If the United States and its associates continue down this path, the work we have tried to put into building a more peaceful world will clearly have been for naught, and through no fault of our own.

OoC: If the US brings Spain into the LTA, there will be problems. The Americans went to war to keep Spain out of the Pact - the lack of respect that Washington shows us in return will not be taken kindly.

IC
Warsaw strongly objects to the inclusion of yet another Continental state in this bellicose alliance. This would be in direct violation of Article 2 of the Hague Treaty (http://forums.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=9901626&postcount=104), and thus would further fatally violate the Charter of the League of Nations. If the United States and its associates continue down this path, the work we have tried to put into building a more peaceful world will clearly have been for naught, and through no fault of our own.

ooc
US response in the LTA thread

In response to the war rageing around the world, Spain has mobilized her armys on the French border and have received many troops from other LTA members. Presidente Primo de Rivera wants all Spaniards to know that in this time of need they are especially necessary. He wants all citizens to use as few materials that can be used for war such as petroleum, rubber and other materials and is also advocateing 'Victory Gardens' so that citizens can grow their own produce and more food can be brought to the soldiers and support to their allies. Propaganda posters have been put up all over Spain with slogans such as 'Vote IGE! Vote for Victory!' and 'Ride alone and ride with the Union!'. All are created for the purpose of maintaining stability and enhancing nationalist sentiment.