NationStates Jolt Archive

The Schultarian Defense Forces (SKC) are looking for a few good companies / defense research firms to help improve and update our nation's capabilities in both air and naval theaters.

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For those interested in participating for the Aeronautic Contract:

An additional one million candidates have been recruited to meet the Armed forces recruitment cap of two million individuals, but due to changing attitudes in overall military strategy and tactical planning by SKC CENTCOM, the Schultarian air defense forces require additional combat technology which our engineers and scientists have not yet fully researched to their logistical and combat potential. Of the twenty thousand aircraft required for this additional increase in manpower, we have only filled one thousand aircraft assignments.

The Schultarian Defense Forces are looking to upgrade their aircraft technology to better suit the needs of mobile logistics and rotary ground attack aircraft. For each contract, our nation would prefer to have unlimited local production rights along with the fulfillment of the following allocations of combat craft.

*7,500 Rotary Wing Attack Craft (Max Contract Value: $375 Billion)
*3,500 Rotary Wing Transport Craft (Max Contract Value: $180 Billion)
*3,500 Fixed Wing Transport Craft (Max Contract Value: $400 Billion)
*2,500 Fixed Wing Refueling Craft (Max Contract Value: $400 Billion)
*1,500 Long Range Strategic Bomber Craft (Max Contract Value: $2.25 Trillion [Partially Filled by Project Komomerenketsan])
*500 Command and Control Craft (Max Contract Value: $275 Billion)

We ask that companies submit specific aircraft for the purposes of review and comparison; any blanket advertisements will be noted, but not considered as acceptable contracts. The estimated contract for each type of craft is approximately one half of one trillion dollars per aircraft design, including the sale of production rights.

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For those interested in the Naval Contract:

The last in a proud line of Granzian venerable super-dreadnaughts, the Kerga Naskehdex SSS Emptaxis, left the shipyards of Edgen several months ago, but our nation must begin the process of planning for their eventual successors. While the four vessels that compose the flagships of our fleet have been equivalent to capital vessels of similar dimensions, they are beginning to show their age compared to the rest of Schultaria's technical prowess. Once the most advanced ship class in our fleet, the technology used to operate these vessels today is now two generations behind the majority the land divisions of the SKC and five generations behind the cutting edge in civilian technology currently in use by our merchant marine.

Therefore in order to keep pace with our own technical advancement, while at the same time adapt to a growing number of new generation surface superiority ships, the SKC is offering a 1.5 Trillion dollar naval contract to design a worthy successor to our venerable Kerga Naskehdex Class. However, Schultaria Prime requests the following constraints to be made...

The calibers of the primary weapons should match the primary weapons currently utilized by the four Kerga Naskehdex dreadnaughts; however, we would like to upgrade the weapons systems to a non-chemical propellant system if at all possible. Primary bore sizes for this new vessel should be as follows...

825 mm ( 32.48 in )
155 mm ( 6.10 in )
75 mm ( 2.95 in )

As a sign of technical independence, we would prefer if this vessel utilize indigenous Schultarian power systems, such as the Haarvekord Mark VII Nuclear Reactor, for its drive technology. This was a stipulation which made the Naskehdex so popular amongst the highest ranking officials in our naval department. While it called for the addition of two extra reactor containment units, our nation feels it worth the effort to request such a modification here. In addition, this vessel must include the absolute latest in advanced sensor equipment that can be integrated readily with our most advanced combat computer technology and display mechanisms. With our nation in the midst of a holographic revolution, we would prefer to modernize our command and control interfaces to adapt with such technology instead of having to rely on foreign built computational components.

We would like to hear the initial proposals of several reputable contractors before the SKC offers any more constraints on the design.

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If any of the contracts look appealing then please by all means present your offers in this thread. We look forward to seeing what designs are offered by the global defense community!

A BUMP to generate interest.

A BUMP for the Evening; perhaps some defense companies might see this and see an opportunity.

Perhaps...

Shrak Aeronautics (A division of The Nine Military storefront) affers two aircraft that may meet the requirments for four of your needs
For rotary wing attack aircraft and Rotary Wing Transport Aircraft:

VCH-43 (Goony)
Length: Rotors unfolded: 88 feet, 7 inches
Rotors folded: 47 feet, 8 inches
Width: Rotors unfolded: 54 feet, 7 inches
Rotors folded: 16 feet, 8 inches
Height: 17 feet, 10 inches
Weight: +20,000 depending on Package.
Armament: Depends on Package
Engines: 2x Shrak h-12 rotors
Cost: $19,100,000
Maximum speed: 180 mph
Cruising Speed: 150 mph
Range: 196 mi. +- depending on Package
Service Ceiling: +10,000
Deployment: The VCH-43 is designed for both naval and troop deployment
Notes: The Goony is a truly unique aircraft, consisting of a ‘base’ that contains all essential equipment cockpit and fuel tanks, and a ‘Package’ that can consist of a heavy lift crane, a cargo section, a weapons platform, and many others, packages are constantly being designed, packages typically cost 8 to 10 million but can cost much less such as in the case of a simple cargo container or much more for a mobile command suite, some packages include extra fuel tanks, hard points for weapons and Com-int surveillance gear. A second, smaller section in the nose of the Goony is also inter-changeable; this section can be replaced with an upgraded vision system for night and low visibility flying, a targeting package for guided missiles and a multi direction mini gun.

for fixed wing transport and fixed wing refueling aircraft:
C-204 (Shuttlecock)
Span: 205 ft. 8 in.
Length: 104 ft. 7 in.
Height: 41 ft. 6 in.
Weight: 200,500 lbs. max. Takeoff weight
Capacities; 2x aerial refueling ports, 20,000 gallons JP, and/or 85,000 pounds cargo
Engines: 4x Shrak J90s with 27,500 lbs. thrust each with afterburner
Cost: $50,000,000
Maximum speed: 1.2 mach at 33,600 ft.
Cruising Speed: 615 MPH
Range: anywhere in the world with aerial refueling
Service Ceiling: 71,150 ft.
Deployment: requires at least 3,000 ft runway, used for aerial refueling and cargo transport

Also, we wish to know the requirements for the Command and control craft so that if a craft currently in production does not meet the requirments, one can be designed to better fulfill the needs of Schultaria Prime.

Furthermore:
Wuther and Farthing (A division of The Nine Military storefront) Is willing to engage in a joint project to meet the naval needs of Schultaria Prime. We have extensive experience with Magneto HydroDynamic propulsion systems and VLS weapon systems. Our fire control and coordination software is top of the line and the BARRIER naval defense and detection network has never been defeated in a combat situation. Also, recent government contracts from our host government (Mondoth) has left us with further expertise in the design and construction of Dreadnaught and super dreadnaught sized vssels as well as a signifigant knowledge of the armor schemes and defense arangement best suited to protecting vessels of this size.

The Omzian arms contractor, Omzian Military Aerospace Corporation, is highly interested in the prospect of yet another arms contract. having experience in the past with the forces of Schultaria Prime, we are considering to offer the following aircraft to fulfill the fixed wing requirements:

C-117 Skytruck Heavy Strategic Transport (http://forums.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=8683080&postcount=979)
KC-117 Skycamel Heavy Refueler Aircraft (http://forums.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=8683080&postcount=979)
C-116 Loadmaster Ultra-Heavy Strategic Transport (http://forums2.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=8534633&postcount=950)

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B-101SC Schultarian Bombardier Supersonic Bomber

OMASC B-101SC Schultarian Bombardier Supersonic Strategic Bomber
Length: 66.2m
Height: 14.5m
Wingspan: 47.3m
Propulsion: 8 HEK-788 PDE-turbofan hybrids rated at 68,000lbs
Empty Weight: 153,000kg
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 358,000kg
Crew: 3 (Pilot/Navigator, Copilot/Defensive Systems Operator, Flight Engineer/Bombardier)
Ceiling: 78,000ft
Range: 9,000-10,000km with standard load at cruise speeds
Speed (Standard Payloads): Mach 3.52 max at high altitudes, Mach 2+ cruise
Payload: Maximum 45,000kg in three bomb bays on rotary launcher or Supersonic Flight Rack (SFR) and two "mini-bays". Standard load is about 31,000kg.
Cost: $530 million

The B-101SC Schultarian Bombardier is a powerful Mach 3 capable, high-speed, high-altitude bomber capable of delivering a powerful load of long-range strike munitions deep into enemy territory. Specifically designed for export to nations including Schultaria Prime, the B-101SC integrates various features of the B-101A and the upcoming B-101D variant to make it a versatile high-speed platform for precision ground strike and other tasks alike, including the addition of PDE propulsion technologies, and redesigns of the airframe. Unlike many stealthy aircraft or other low-flying bombers, the B-101SC uses its advanced electronic warfare suites, its high operating altitude, and its sheer speed, for its protection.

Design

The B-101SC Schultarian Bombardier is a heavy bomber designed for Mach 3 flight, intended to delive strike munition deep into enemy territory at high altitudes. The B-101A incorporates an airframe based around two large "folding" delta wings similar to those of the XB-70, with two vertical stabilizers are also fitted. The aircraft also incorporates a computerized flight correction and fly-by-optic systems. On the front part of the fuselage, a pair of small canard-type wings are mounted. A refueling system is mounted on the nose of the aircraft. To increase the resistance of heat buildup at high speeds, the airframe is constructed mainly of titanium, aluminum, steel, and a variety of composites and ceramic materials, and to allow a lighter airframe to be created.

There are also numerous designs and measures taken to reduce both the radar and infrared signatures of the aircraft. There is an extensive application of both RAM and RAS materials, along with minor design features incorporated into the airframe. A special type of non-reflective, white paint is applied on the aircraft, to reduce the danger of visual detection.

The aircraft is manned by a 3-man crew, including the pilot, the copilot, and the Flight Engineer/Bombardier (FEB). The pilot and copilot are responsible for the operation of the aircraft and flight systems, while the FEB is responsible for navigation and bombardment. As well, the copilot and the FEB are also responsible for operating a wide variety of avionics systems. The "offensive" suite of avionics includes the advanced OAN/APQ-228E ELPI radar, which is based on a similar design on the B-101A. A Noran systems NK82 LADAR system is mounted in a concealed pod, which provides the bomber with a secondary sensor, optimized for both air and ground attack in optimal weather conditions. An additional Noran systems NR88 Low Light TV/Infrared system, mounted in another concealed pod, provides the B-101 with enhanced navigational and medium-altitude targeting capabilities for guided bombs.

The defensive suites consists of the CAN-223 radar receiver/jamming system, which is capable against both ground-based and airborne radars. The Noran CAE180 infrared and missile countermeasures system provides missile warning and infrared countermeasures capabilities. A LADAR warning receiver is also installed, which consists of a node of laser light-detection nodes mounted around the airframe, coordinated by a central computer.

Weapons and Payloads

The B-101's armaments reflects the B-101's primary role: a percision strike munitions carrier. Only air-launched medium-to-long range missiles and percision strike glide bombs are carried, as the operation of "dumb" bombs has proven to be impracticable for a supersonic bomber operating at high speeds at high atltides.

The bomber has a total of three main bomb bays and two "mini-bays" mounted in the wings. In total, the bomb bays can house a total of 45,000kg of munitions, although in many missions a standard 31,000kg load is carried for high altitude, high speed flight over long ranges. As the B-101SC can accept a wide variety of guided munitions through the use of modularity, this often includes a variety of guided bomb and missiles. The bomber also has two "mini-bays", which are mounted in the middle of the aircraft between the front and rear parts of the fuselage, allows the mounting of smaller, self-defence weapons such as medium-range air-to-air missiles and anti-radiation missiles.

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B-105SC Schultarian Master Ultra-Heavy Bomber
OMASC B-105SC Schultarian Master Ultra-Heavy Bomber
Length: 89m
Height: 25.2m
Wingspan: 54m fully swept, 85.5m Extended
Propulsion: Six P-563N turbofans rated at 83,000lbs each
Empty Weight: 280,000kg
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 645,000kg
Crew: 4
Ceiling: >50,000ft
Range: 9000-10,000km with max load, 15,000km with standard load
Speed: Mach 1.21 max
Payload: 92,000kg maximum, 50,000kg (110,231lb) standard load, within four bomb bays and nine hardpoints (three fuselage, six under wing gloves). Three self-defense turrets (SDS) including one tail SDS turret.
Cost: $960 million

Produced by OMASC as one of the longest and biggest aircraft projects ever, the B-105A has transformed to the B-105SC to fit Schultarian Prime requirements. A truly massive aircraft with an unprecedented payload of various munitions, coupled with the utilization of advanced materials construction with a degree of simplicity in design, the B-105SC is often termed as the "airborne tank" of all aircraft.

Airframe Design

The massive airframe of the B-105SC is based on a relatively stealthy design, with an apparance similar to the B-1B Lancer, and is built around a pair of the massive variable geometry "swing wings", with one vertical tail, and a pair of horizontal tails. The six massive turbofans are mounted close to the fuselage and the wing roots, and the swing wing promotes excellent subsonic, low-level flying capabilities. The airframe is built with a wide variety of composites and lightweight titanium alloys, with the extensive application of RAM and RAS materials, especially around high-RCS areas such as the engine inlets. To degrade the visual signature, a standard light blue scheme is used, with the paint having improved heat-dissipation characteristics.

There is a crew of four to control the aircraft, with a pilot/aircraft commander, a copilot/navigator, a bombardier/offensive avionics operator, and a defensive avionics operator. All crew faces a series of MFDs, along with a set of HUDs for the pilot and copilot, and special helmet-mounted sights for all crew members. The pilot also controls the aircraft with a special hands-on throttle and stick system instead of the traditional "wheel" system, and is linked to an advanced fly-by-optic system, which is also linked to the massive EMP-hardened flight computer modules. The use of such flight control system not only allows improved flight characteristics and responsiveness, but also allows a smoother low altitude flight.

The copilot and the bombardier are also responsible for operating a wide variety of avionics systems. The aircraft features a diverse variety of offensive avionics systems, for use against both ground and sea targets, and for self protection against air targets. It includes an ELPI radar system, an powerful air search/long range IRST system, and a pair of the INARAM system. Each INARAM incorporates a powerful LADAR system for precision ground mapping and ground targeting, a MMW radar system, a series of FLIR systems, and a variety of daylight camera and nightvision systems. Each pod can be used to target multiple ground targets at once for special missions. These pods can also serve as special reconnaissance pods, with a special datalinking system and video recorders, allowing the real-time uploading of video captures.

The bomber also features a sophiscated array of defensive systems, for use against enemy ground air defences and interceptors in the air. The B-101SC utilizes the COW-IXE defensive suite, featuring a standard array of radar jammers, a special active radar cancellation system for use agianst radar-guided missiles (though it is much less optimized for use against aircraft or ground radars, or LPI radars), and a LADAR warning receiver similar to those on the B-101SC.

The defensive suite is also linked to a small suite of defensive armaments. The centerpiece of the defensive armament however, is the Self-Defence Turret system, or SDS for short. Composed of a large stealthy dome, each system incorporates a set of LADAR and IR sensors. These sensors are linked to a central computer, which is linked to an internal 27mm gun system, along with a special 7-round rotary tube launcher for the Minisnake-E mini-missile, based on a modified and downsized version of the AIM-9X. It is intended to engage large SAMs, and can also be used against enemy aircraft at extremely short ranges if necessary (~6-10km).

Additionally, the aircraft can also make use of OMASC-designed "burst bombs" for use against low altitude air defences and chasing enemy fighters. These burst bombs often consists of a parachute-slowed containiner consisting of an explosive charge, and chaff, flare, or pallets of WP. Though overly simplistic, these timed "burst bombs" are used against low altitude air defence units, chasing fighters, and attacking missiles, in defensive situations. When the "burst bomb" is dropped, the bomb would descend until it reaches a set altitude and bursts open. Then, the chaff, flare, or WP pallets then are released, forming a cloud of chaff, flare, or WP smoke to confuse missiles and disorient enemy low altitude air defence and the pilots in closely chasing fighter aircraft.

Weapons and Payloads

To pair up with the advanced offensive avionics, the weapon carrying capabilities of the B-105 is impressive as well. There are a total of four bomb bays and nine hardpoints for the carriage of weapons, which includes but is not limited to a variety of bombs, anti-ship and land attack missiles, air dropped mines, and even small UAVs.

The bombbay is also of a modular nature, allowing the installation of various different rotary and rack-based launchers to hold a diverse variety of munitions. The hardpoints can also hold a variety of ground attack munitions, fuel tanks, and even air-to-air missiles. Because of this, in a standard profile, bomb bays would hold surface attack munitions and small UAVs, while the hardpoints will hold specially designed "stealthy" fuel tanks (incorporating RAM and stealthy design characteristics), and medium air-to-air missiles.

The following vessels may suit your needs. While the main armament is small than that your Navy Department had specific, you may consider this vessel as a basis for the flagship class you have proposed.

Europa-class (76cm main armament) (http://forums.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=8459108&postcount=1)

Jimnam-class (63.5cm main armament) (http://forums.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=8725087&postcount=395)

However, should your navy wish to stay with the 825mm, 155mm, 75mm guns, we would be pleased to provide you with preliminary design specifications with those guns. The vessel would have to be about 1km in length and about 260.53m. The draught would have to be at least 33m.

You may also be interested in the aircraft produced by Detmerian Aerospace, plc, the storefront for which is listed below.

Thank you for examining our wares.

The Portland Iron Works (OOC: link in my signature) is interested in possibly taking on the design for the dreadnaught to serve as the successor to your Kerga Naskehdex-class flagships. While our current designs currently in service, in the development stages, or approaching their retirements have calibres no greater than 30 inches (762 mm), partly due to logistical constraints we have found in guns of that size, we would be willing to use our previous designs as a general basis for a warship to carry the 825 mm weapon calibre along with the secondary and tertiary gun sizes you presently use.

We would propose essentially creating a lengthened version of our Independence-class pocket superdreadnaughts (with our domestic version being 746 metres in length). We could lengthen the ship by approximately 225 metres, while increasing the beam by 30 metres. The draught would increase by necessity by approximately six metres, to 24.9. We would propose using three triple turrets of 825 mm guns, though our current weapons platforms do not include weaponry more advanced than electro thermal chemical weapons.

We would be more than willing to accomodate the nuclear reactors requested, and can further adjust any design specifications to fit the reactors and other technologies you prefer. Should you choose the Portland Iron Works for this contract, we would begin work immediately and can construct the ship either at our facilities in Portland or anywhere in Schultaria Prime you believe would be the best location.

We look forward to hearing from you with regard to this prestigious contract and would be delighted should you choose to entrust this important assignment to the Portland Iron Works.

Rear Admiral Barbara Tucker (ISN-Ret.)
Managing Director
Portland Iron Works

-From the Central Command Staff of the Schultarian Kamor Collabraci

"We would like to thank all of the arms contractors who have thus far expressed interest in assisting our national defense forces with these challenges. Needless to say, we are impressed with the designs of all the contractors so the process of selection might be considerably longer that we hoped, but that should be considered as a testament to the quality of your defensive implements rather than any sign of outward bureaucracy. Thank you once again for your time and effort, and we shall be as expedient as possible in deciding contractual arrangements once we have come to a satisfactory conclusion on our end."

-Bashar General Otomo Vin'ta'eliah

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OOC: For reference purposes (From the Hybalt Projects Thread)...

Project 35AB
COMPLETED July 18th, 2004
Customer: Schultaria Prime
Began: July 8th, 2004
Projected Completion: July 18th, 2004
Duration: 10 NS years

Kerga Naskehdex Class Dreadnaught *1
Trimaran Design
Power Plant:
+10 Haarvekord Mark VII Nuclear Reactors/Steam Turbine System, 6 shafts
Displacement:
+1,500,000 tons full load
Length:
+1100 meters
Beam:
+185 meters
Draft:
+23 meters
Speed:
+35 knots
Crew:
+5,500
Armor:
+800-1300mm Titanium Composite, Layered Kinetic-Reducing Ceramic Plates
Aircraft:
+Extensive hanger with space for 12 large naval helicopters
Armament:
15 825mm Electro/Thermal Kinetic naval guns (5 triple turrets)
20 155mm guns (10 twin turrets)
32 75mm guns (16 twin turrets)
80 twin-barreled 20mm AA guns
10 42-Cell VLS (168 SAM/SSM Missiles)
12 GK26 missile launchers (24 cells each)
10 Quad Canisters MK 41 Vertical Launching Systems (48 cells each)
6 Vertical Launch Long Range Missile Launchers (72 cells each)
40 GR-25B Laser CIWS/RAM Systems
Communication:
+Encrypted Wireless Receiver w/ connection to secure channel
Sensors:
PAAMS (Long Range Radar, Multi-Function Radar)
GS44 Short Range Surface Search/Tracking
G04 Navigation suite, GN-2E 3D radar
GN-20 bow-mounted sonar
G23 Close Engagement Control
GS39 Gunfire Control
Electronic Warfare:
12 GE-2 Chaff/Flare Dispensers
“Apollo” ECM/ESM suite
Ultra-Sonic Sonar Jamming
Torpedoes:
10 GAST torpedo shafts (2 on front and back, 3 each broadside)
SDAD anti-submarine system
Countermeasures:
ARAD system (anti-missile)
NESS (anti-missile)
TDASW suite (anti-torpedo)
G-56 Long Range Surface Tracking
HG-34A targeting matrix


From stipulations within this project, I would like the next generation to follow some of the previous guidelines when Granzi designed this ship for me almost ten months ago. Here are a few of the stipulations, along with some additional ones to enhance the ship's combat effectiveness in Schultarian naval doctrine.
Comprehensive automated defensive fire control system utilizing Schultarian IFF "Friend or Foe" anti fratricide systems.
Kinetic reactive armor plating along with a full suite of the most advanced blended armor schemes currently in practical use to maximize crew survivability in a live fire engagement.
The defensive package of this proposed ship must follow Schultarian guidelines of defense with the allowance of no more than a 10% hit ratio on the ship with extensive emphasis on submarine and air assaults.
This ship must utilize indigenous Schultarian power systems, such as the Haarvekord Mark VII Nuclear Reactor (or other alternatives (http://forums.jolt.co.uk/showthread.php?t=417534)), for its drive technology.
For purposes of rescue, observation, and possible ship boarding, the SDF would prefer to have a compliment of rapid deployment helicopters capable of being stored, as well as fully serviced, within said craft.
Adoption of a new, and untested, Schultarian Optical Stealth system (Kamor - Nialusal) for purposes of decreased detection and enemy fire projection accuracy.
Basic Concept: A layer of electronic paper (Sapanna system from Designwerks) attached to the hull of the vessel and connected to at least 150 high resolution cameras would provide the actual stealth capabilities, while the image data is processed by a bank of Quanver class supercomputers.

A BUMP for the Afternoon.

The Schultarian Defense Forces are looking to upgrade their aircraft technology to better suit the needs of mobile logistics and rotary ground attack aircraft. For each contract, our nation would prefer to have unlimited local production rights along with the fulfillment of the following allocations of combat craft.

*3,500 Rotary Wing Transport Craft (Max Contract Value: $180 Billion
Saint Uriel offers the following aircraft design for bid:

SUDF - A77 (Archangel)
Overview: The Archangel is a dual tandem blade rotary wing aircraft originally designed for medevac missions, but has also proven to be an excellent troop/equipment transport. It has been used in over 200 successful search and rescue missions to evacuate injured/sick persons.

SPECS
Length - 46 ft (14.02m)
Width - 13 ft (3.96m)
Height - 21 ft (6.40 m)

Powerplant: Two Marsell K89-455 engines, with backup generator for electrical systems

Rotar system: Three reinforced fibreglass blades per each of two hubs. Blade circumference is 65 ft (19.81 m). Speed is 250 rpm. Blades fold automatically.

Weight: Empty - 25,000lbs Max Gross - 60,000lbs

Performance at max weight of 60,000lbs: cruise speed - 160 knots
Rate of climb 1,590 ft/min (484.6 metres/min)
Range without refueling - 255 nautical miles

Crew compliment: cockpit seats - 2, can carry 45 personnel, or 31 stretchers

Armament: reinforced up-armored side panels and bullet proof glass. Bay door can be fixed with a machine gun of various calibres.

Technology: State of the art GPS, radar, tracking, radar warning systems, missle approach systems, all frequency radio and satellite communication systems. Comes with surgical suite (removable) for medevac with refrigeration unit (for blood bank) and all needed trauma equipment.

Price: $10 million per each A-77, however full production/distribution rights may be purchased for $29 billion.

OOC:

Apologies are in order for not responding to this thread in an accelerated and judicious manner. I would like to let all the contractors who have posted thus far know that I am still mulling over the prospects and various benefits from each proposal in order to maximize the effectiveness of the SKC. In addition, I just wanted to let you know that I haven't abandoned your efforts in offering me these quality pieces of military hardware; hopefully I'll be able to arrange the appropriate contracts within the next few days.

We wish to put foward our own aerial designs:


SRSB Naram-Sin
(Short Range Strategical Bomber)

Abstract: The Naram-Sin is an extension program to the old Western Asian BMV ULA (came out near September 2003), and an improvement over the BMV/MA-1 ULA Gilgamesh (released November 2004). The new SRSB Naram-Sin would be able to sit over a battlefield and launch a barrage of missiles into invading armies, using the newly designed SkyCat 2000 transport bays, put onto two parallel bomb bays. The mammoth Naram-Sin could reload the ‘clips’ with missiles on hand and be refuled by air, therefore it would stay in combat for an extended period of time.

Engines: Using ‘air-breathing’, rocket based, combined-cycle engines, first developed as a concept by Preston Carter, the Naram-Sin would act as Hypersonic aircraft, of sorts. However, the Naram-Sim would not be as fuel efficient as Carter’s brainchild, yet substantially more fuel efficient than a normal jet engine. Instead, the engines would throttle pushing the Naram-Sin into the upper atmosphere in a near vertical accension, advancing about ten kilometers. As it descents into denser air the Naram-Sin would be pushed up by the increased aerodynamic lift. The engies would fire again, but unlike Carter’s Hypersoar, the engines have the ability to ‘rotate’ through hydraulics and thus pushes the Naram-Sin back up and backwards, so that the Naram-Sin would oscilate back and forth between two points. Any heat which plagues Hypersonic aircraft such as this would be negated as the Naram-Sin would radiate its heat into space, just like the Hypersoar. A 255,000 kilogram Naram-Sin would weigh as much as the heaviest Ariane 4 yet carry 40% more payload.

The engines are constructed of a single crystal Ni-Fe based superalloy called THYMONEL 8. THYMONEL 8 has a high fatigue resistance and this couples with a low hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE). THYMONEL 8 exibit high termal conductivity and lower Young’s modulus meaning its beneficial for the thermo-mechanical strength. THYMONEL 8 is another RENE N6 based superalloy, and RENE N6 is microstructurally stable, and does not suffer from SR2, a cellular precipitation reaction which happens beneath coatings.

Maximum Velocity (Without loadout): Mach 1.5 (Mach 11 in the upper atmosphere)

Maximum Velocity (Fully Loaded): Mach 1 (Mach 8 in the upper atmosphere; the Hypersoar has a velocity of Mach 10)

Armaments: Using parallel bomb bays the Naram-Sin could place eight ‘clips’ or missile racks per bomb bay, and then stack them in three ‘levels’, meaning each Naram-Sin would have a total of forty-eight ‘clips’, each with twelve ‘slots’, thus a total of five hundred and seventy-six missiles (!). Now, if enough of a stockpile is put into the craft the Naram-Sin could hold and fire a total of two thousand eight hundred and eighty missiles, giving each Naram-Sin (fully loaded) a 2.8 billion dollar value (putting missiles at export price), which although costly, is very effective. ( Which explains why my own airforce only employs one so far.)

The ideal load out:

192 MTAAM-3 Air to Air Missiles
192 MAAM B Cruise Missiles
192 MLAM or MALAS Missiles


However, one could give it a load out which fits a specific mission better. The racks give the possibility of contraction or expansion of the ‘slots’ to fit missiles better – this is done mechanically and through AI if under the ‘re-load phase’ during combat exercises.

Targeting Systems:

MRT-5 on board RADAR with a 100 kilometers range
MST-2 on board SODAR system
MLT-3 o board LIDAR system


The Naram-Sin also uses land based targeting systems, as well as naval targeting systems.

Crew: 60

Export Cost: 350 million (not including missiles) or 3.5 billion (including ideal missile load out)



RoLu-17 Galician Attack Helicopter
http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v203/jay3135/heli.gif
http://worldwarwiki.modernwarstudies.net/personal_images/ka58.045.gif
http://worldwarwiki.modernwarstudies.net/personal_images/ka58.315.gif

A Macabee/Mekugi Project

Design:
The helicopter design is based on the conventional pod and boom configuration with a tail rotor. The main rotor head has elastomeric bearings and the main rotor blades are made from composite materials. The tail rotor is designed on a biplane configuration with independently controlled X-shaped blades. A new design of all plastic rotor blades, which can sustain hits from 30mm shells. Specifically, the main rotor is a five bladed whisper quiet rotor, as designed by Mekugi Industries.

The helicopter has non-retractable tricycle tailwheel type landing gear. The energy absorbing landing gear and seats protect the crew in a crash landing or in a low-altitude vertical fall. The crew are able to survive a vertical fall up to 12m/s. The Galicia has a fully armoured cabin including the windshield which withstands impact by 7.62mm and 12.7mm bullets and 20mm shell fragments.

Weapon Systems:
The nose turret has a dual weapon system, including a 20mm automatic grenade launcher, with a range of about four hundred meters, as well as a 30mm cannon. Both weapon systems use a liquid nitrogen II coolant system. The rate of fire on the latter cannon is anywhere from 600 to 1,800 rounds a minute.

Each stub wing has three hardpoints. The outer hardpoint carries a 'clip' of two MTAAM-3 Silencer MADAAM air to air missiles, giving the Galicia a total of four air to air missiles, for defense against enemy aircraft. The middle hardpoint, on each stub, has a twenty 80mm mini-rocket saturation cannon, with a range of about six hundred meters. The inner hardpoints give the Galicia a total of sixteen, on both stub wings, anti-tank guided missiles - capable of using any ATGM used anywhere, making the Galicia perfect for export.

Cockpit:
The pilot and gunner cockpits are in a stepped tandem configuration. Both cockpits are equipped with multifunction displays which present information from the Integrated Management System and provide a synthetic waypoint map, navigation data, weapon status, weapon selection, communications, and aircraft/flight data. The displays are equipped with multifunction keyboards.

The helicopter is equipped with an Automatic Flight Control System, which provides nap-of-the-earth flight capability and the level of stability for precise weapon aiming. A Tactical Navigation Display enhances mission management and situational awareness.

The cockpit is also reknown for its structure, and its strength, making it amongst the safest in the world.

Integrated Helmet and Display Sight System (IHADSS)
The Pilot Night Vision Sensor (PNVS) gives the pilot the capability to fly the Galicia at night. The PNVS is a FLIR (Forward Looking InfraRed), or thermal night vision system. Unlike Night Vision Goggles (NVG), a FLIR does not magnify starlight. Instead, it collects the thermal (infrared) energy radiated and reflected from objects. Therefore, the Galicia pilot can see at night regardless of the amount of starlight or moonlight.

The imagery from the FLIR is presented to the pilot through a 1 inch TV picture tube mounted on the right side of his helmet. The image from the TV tube is reflected off a small lens in front of the pilot's right eye. Therefore, the pilot flies with one eye night vision "aided" while the other eye is unaided.

In order to command the movement of the sensor turrets (PNVS and TADS), each of the cockpits has two infrared scanners mounted behind and above each side of the crew seats. These scanners sweep the cockpit interior with timed infrared energy. Four small receivers mounted on the crew helmets detect the infrared energy. A computer calculates the position of the helmet by comparing the reception time of each receiver with the transmission time (sweep) of the scanners. The PNVS or TADS turret is then commanded to move in elevation and azimuth to match the position of the applicable crew member's helmet position. In this way the sensor looks where the pilot or CPG looks.

Other Detection Devices:
The RoLu-17 Galicia also has a 2nd Generation Macabee Gaussian LIDAR transmitter. The transmitter has two charged plates, one positive, and one negative, to create an electrical current. Thusly, the photon wave is charged, and upon striking something it sends back an electrical impulse to a carbon computer onboard the Galicia. The computer, solely for the LIDAR, designates it friendly or foe, and it also uses a doppler and DIAL device to designate between a worthwhile target, meaning the helicopter crew will not have to designate worthwhile targets themselves, and instead are presented with priority readings within seconds.

Countermeasures:
The helicopter's electronic warfare suite includes a Elettronica ELT-156 radar warning receiver and BAE Systems Italia RALM-101 laser warner. The helicopter countermeasures systems include Elettronica ELT-554 radar and BAE Systems IEWS AN/ALQ-144A infrared jammer and chaff and flare decoy dispensers.

Engines:
The RoLu-17 Galicia Attack Helicopter is fitted with two Lu-17-287 turboshaft engines, fitted on either side of the fuselage. Given the design of the frame, and the engines, the Galicia has a maximum velocity of three hundred and ten kilometers per hour.

The engines are also given IR Supression devices, used first on the Rafale, and then on the Lu line of military jets. They're also fitted with Wave-X RADAR Absorbing Material.

Cost: 28 Million

The Omzian military contractor, OMASC, feels that it is necessary to expand further on the information provided along with the B-101SC and B-105SC offered to Schultaria Prime, as we are much confident that the B-101SC and the B-105SC would be more than suitable for the needs of Schultaria Prime. Both combat proven and used in various other nations, each bombers has their advantages and disadvantages as well. Compared to competitors (such as airship-based and hypersonic designs), these aircraft are much more versatile and reliable; less prone to problems, glitches and failures; with a more powerful avionics suite; are much more cost effective in every regard and its great flexibility; and sports distinctive features for their own roles:

B-101SC: The B-101SC is designed for penetration into enemy airspace, taking advantage of its superb performance in terms of speed and altitude. Thus, its mission is to strike important enemy strategic targets, hardened facilities, and other tactical high-value targets with the use of precision strike munitions. It takes advantage of its high speed and altitude to not only make quick dashes into enemy aircraft and possibly outrun enemy interceptors, but are also capable of utilizing its performance to evade enemy air defence system and missiles. However, it sacrifices stealthy characteristics especially in the case of IR, though radar absorbant materials are applied extensively onto the aircraft, and the aircraft uses its performance to enhance its survivability.

B-105SC: The B-105SC is designed for subsonic-low supersonic low-level penetration into enemy airspace, delivering mass amounts of munitions against both strategic and tactical targets, inflicting not only mass damage but psychological shock as well. It takes the advantage of the application of stealthy characteristics (in terms of radar and IR) to make up its flight performance, and boasts a very capable ECM suite as well. Light armoured protection applied to various important parts of the aircraft allows it to sustain damage from anti-aircraft gunfire and shrapnel as well, while it boasts excellent self-defence armaments such as the self-defence turrets. Compared to the B-101SC, it can carries a greater payload, while somewhat sacrificing its survivability.

AH-93C Firebird
Crew: 2
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 14,265 kg
Normal Weight: 12,586 kg
Empty Weight: 8964 kg
Length: 17.5m (rotors turning), 16.2m (fuselage)
Height: 4.96m (gear extended), 4.02m (gear retracted)
Wingspan: 8.24m
Rotor Diameter: 15.8m
Speed: 312 km/h max, 286 km/h cruise, 98 km/h sideways, 96 km/h reverse
Range: 500 km w/ normal load, 2200 km ferry w/ 4 drop tanks
Ceiling: 6000m, 4800m outside ground effect
Armament: 1x30mm cannon w/ 1200 rounds, 4xUnderwing Pylon & 2xWing Station for 3000 kg disposable stores
Up to 36xAGM-221, 152xHydra, 20xAGM-194, 6xAGM-65, or 4xAGM-136 underwing; and 8xATAS or 4xAIM-9X Sidewinder on wingtips
Standard Load: 16xHellfire or 24xHellstreak on outboard pylons, 76-80x70-80mm rocket on inboard pylons, 4xSidewinder or 8xStinger on wingtips
An upgraded version of the AH-93A with a higher payload, better protection, and a number of new and enhanced systems. At the top of the list is the Stenton engagement package, which includes a new radar system, backed up with enhanced FLIR and EO sensors, and provides the capability to fire the new AGM-221 missile. Another notable upgrade is the ability to support the AIM-9X Sidewinder, with the missile's seeker slaved to the HMS used for aiming the 30mm gun. Larger wings, stronger pylons, and the increased payload of the aircraft allow a number of odd systems to be added, including AGM-194 Locusts, a number of lighter missiles for fixed-wing aircraft (Maverick, HARM, Tacit Rainbow, etc), and even AMRAAM missiles. New armor provides protection against 35mm weapons in critical areas, and at least 7.62mm AP for other sections. Like the AH-93A, the most notable feature is the coaxial rotor system. The coaxial counter-rotating rotor system negates the need for a tail rotor, which is one of the most vulnerable points of most attack helos, and thus increases survivability. Also, because of this, this aircraft is unaffected by wind strength and direction, has an unlimited hovering turn rate, and gives a smaller profile and acoustic signature. The coaxial rotor design also has benefits over conventional and NOTAR designs in that there is absolutely no vulnerability in the tail boon, while even the NOTAR system contains something in the tail that, when damaged, will serverly hinder the ability of the aircraft to maintain controlled flight.
Cost: $29.6 million

AGM-221 Hellstreak (provided as a complementary system)
Weight: 32 kg
Range: 12 km
Guidance: Active Radar
Launch Platforms: AH-93C (36)
A sucessor to the Longbow Hellfire, the Hellstreak is an active radar homing missile matched to the new Stenton radar system on the AH-93C. It is notably smaller than the Hellfire, but longer ranged and with a superior warhead and seeker. The missile is carried in 6 and 12 round clusters, with the AH-93C being able to carry one of each on each wing, for a total of 36 missiles (50% more than with Longbow Hellfires). While there is currently only an anti-tank version available, it is reported that additional versions for other targets are in the works.
Cost: $70,000



UH-102 Kestrel
Crew: 2-4 + 12
Maximum Weight: 13,297 kg
Standard Weight: 11,000 kg
Empty Weight: 5286 kg
Length: 22m
Fuselage Length: 15.5m
Height: 5.6m
Main Rotor Diameter: 16.5m
Speed: 350 km/h maximum, 284 km/h cruise
Ceiling: 5500m, 4000m outside ground effect
Range: 900 km w/ max internal fuel, 2500 km ferry
Radius: 1000 km w/ external tanks, 400 km w/ internal fuel
Payload: up to 5440 kg external
Armament: Provisions for various guns, rockets, and missiles
A new utility helicopter to replace the vintage Black Hawk series, which dates back to the 1970s. This unit has greater speed, payload, troop capacity, and range than the Black Hawk, and also benefits from a reduced signature from the application of some stealth features. This unit makes use of NOTAR technology to provide countertorque for the main rotors, rather than conventional tail rotors, which decreases vulnerability.
Cost: $25 million



CH-61 Atlas
Crew: 3-6
Maximum Weight: 52,000 kg
Maximum Speed: 300 km/h
Cruising Speed: 250 km/h
Range: 500 km w/ max payload, 850 km w/ max fuel, 2000 km ferry
Payload: 22,000 kg max - up to 100 troops, 75 litters, 1 Kit Fox light tank, or 2 Stormcrow AIFVs internally.
This is a massive helicopter for transporting large loads, including some light tanks and IFVs. The unit is more powerful and survivable than the comparable Mi-26 helicopter, and is not just for rear area duties. Still, though there have been some reports of it being used in such a role, this unit is not meant to transport troops into battle, as it is quite large and vulnerable.
A naval variant, dubbed the CH-61D is also avaialble, and has been modified for shipboard operations
Cost: $45 million



CH-79 Skytrain
Crew: 2-4
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 28,000 kg
Speed: 275 km/h, 235 km/h cruise
Payload: 14,500 kg max external
Cargo: 45 troops, 28 litters, or 12,500 kg internal
Fuel: 6000 kg
Range: 600 km normal mission, 1250 km ferry
A large heavy lift helicopter designed to replace the aging CH-47 Chinook series. Compared to the Chinook, it has greater range and payload, as well as slightly more internal space. A special operations support variant, with lower payload and increased range and countermeasures, is also available.
Cost: $45 million

FROM: SCHULTARIA KAMOR COLLABRACI CENTCOM: KERGA-PRMUS, SCHULTARIA PRIME
TO: PORTLAND IRON WORKS (ATTN: MANAGING DIRECTOR TUCKER): SARZONIA

Subject: SKC-Navem Contract Notification

In light of recent diplomatic decisions from your nation of origin concerning "blanket accusations" of the entirety of the New Alliance Treaty Organization and its resultant exercises, the Schultaria Kamor Collabraci has decided to send this message to inform you about possible concerns this legislation might have on your pending bottom line. We wish to advise your company that this may adversely impact our consideration of acceptance for your contract proposals and could potentially result in the refutation of any designs you wish to display for our national defense.

Hopefully you can understand the concerns of the SKC in these terse and politically complex period of global politics; our nation, isolated from the world as an independent island state, needs to be fully assured that our naval technology is secure from any possible subterfuge. Given Sarzonia's recent alluded support to the combined nations of the Imperial Armies, in light of all visible intelligence sources, places Schultaria Prime in a tenuous position with your nation's government; it would be a shame to simply refuse the amount of hard work your esteemed company has placed into the development of this next generation supercapital ship but, unfortunately, the politics of preservation might have to take precedence. Any and all contracts you may have for us at this time will be taken into consideration, but please take heed of our concerns when you wait for pending approval.

-Bashar Admiral Hergan Tholan

Dat' Pizdy Arms Corporation, in an effort to broaden our foreign sales, wishes to provide the specifications of the SAH-27A Peregrine next generation attack helicopter to the Schultarian Defense Forces as their next potential attack helicopter. Unfortunately, we can not provide condensed specifications and instead provide the link:

SAH-27A Peregrine NGAH (http://forums.jolt.co.uk/showthread.php?t=417680&page=1&highlight=soviet+bloc)


We wish to thank the SKC in advance for considering our design.

A BUMP for the Evening.

To: Bashar Admiral Hergan Tholan
From: Mike Sarzo
President, Incorporated States of Sarzonia
Subject: Communicade with Portland Iron Works

We have received word of your communications with Rear Admiral Tucker regarding your country's concerns. I can not speak for the inner workings of the committee that reviewed the proposal to request readmission to NATO; however, my understanding of the issue is that the excessively cryptic nature of the communications surrounding the "Warlympics" was a central issue that kept the committee from giving the proposal further consideration.

The Incorporated Sarzonian Government has had few, if any, relations with the combined nations of the Imperial Armies. We can understand your government's concerns surrounding the announcement; however, much of the committee's ire could have been assuaged by better communication on the part of NATO leadership with the international community.

We sincerely hope you choose the Portland Iron Works for the naval contract you have submitted. It would be unfortunate if your government chose to deny Portland Iron Works the contract; however, the ISG can not in good conscience keep silent on issues of grave concern as they relate to less-than-forthcoming announcements of intentions as they relate to warlike actions or intentions.

Private IC: Holopad Comminique from Central Director Elliot Schultz

"Michael, I just received word from Admiral Tholan concerning a recent discourse between our nation's defense forces and your personal office. Normally I wouldn't pay this too much heed on my behalf since I'd rather place a certain amount of independent jurisdiction with the SKC, but the hierarchy at Centcom thought it preferable to notify my personal office given light of recent international tensions. To be honest I would have rather that this episode had not come to fruition in its current form, but as we both know nothing can be done to stop what events have already transpired.

As such, we are now spending valuable time in both of our busy schedules belaboring a point that we both understand quite well given our relative positions of power in society. I understand and believe your admission that your nation does have very little contact with the nations of the Imperial Armies, but that does not give me or the two point six billion people of whom I am entrusted to look out for their best interests much solace in these trying political times. During the period of uncertainty surrounding the alliance's mobilization Sarzonia, in full public media view, drafted, debated, ratified, and displayed a piece of legislation opening support for the component nations of the I.A. and, as a component nation of NATO, I still feel some concern surrounding this measure.

Naturally I can surmise that the legislative chambers of your nation saw this as in their best national interests for logical reasons, but you have to understand my position on the matter as well. When a statement of such force approval is met by my eyes I have to make a choice whether or not it is in the people's best interests to continue normalized relations. Normally I don't lose much sleep on such issues as they are handled by the National Assembly in full conference with the Directorate, but this is a personal matter that both of us might need to address in a face to face talk instead of impersonal exchanges. Fact of the matter is this contract will be vital to preserving the nation's security and viability as a power capable of self defense in the near future without the fear of compromise from within or outside.

If my defense commanders are afraid that the public actions of your assembly might pose a danger to the secrecy of this contract for whatever reason, and it could be reasons completely out of your control as well, then I must take heed of their warnings given the current information our nation possesses on the situation. Mike I know that such a decision does not have to be made, but in order to properly address these situations our nations have to actually meet in a face to face engagement. Our nation dislikes compromise when it comes to our safety, and we wouldn't want to spend nearly one and a half trillion dollars on equipment that we couldn't trust to function in the thick of the action. We'd rather prefer to support your shipyard industries and further good rapport, but we are a nation who can and will make good on its stated promises for better or worse.

I leave my office open to your reply be it through public or private channels,"

-Central Director Elliot M. Schultz

To: Bashar Admiral Hergan Tholan, Schultaria Prime
From: John Malveny, Director, Products Management Division, Royal Shipyards, UKIN
Subject: Proposal for Kerga Naskehdex-class dreadnought

Dear Bashar Admiral Tholan,

Owing to the unlikelihood of receiving a bid, the Royal Shipyards of Isselmere-Nieland (RSIN) removes its proposal from the table.

Signed,

John Malveny
Director
Products Management Division
Royal Shipyards
Grimsby Downs, Anguist, UKIN

Private IC communication from President Mike Sarzo:

To: Elliot M. Schultz
Central Director
From: Mike Sarzo
President
Subject: Private meeting

In response to your recent private communication to me regarding the issues at hand, I would like to take this opportunity to once again clarify the tenor of the committee's decision to reject a petition to rejoin NATO. I have received a briefing of the committee minutes when they debated the issue and the issue of the Imperial Armies was discussed for 23 minutes.

The agreed upon statement, as reported by committee chairman Connie Jacobi, is as follows: "We do not condone the actions set forth by the Imperial Armies, nor does this legislative body approve of any overt or covert support of same." Knowing Connie as well as I do, she wanted to ensure that no stone was left unturned.

If Sarzonia were to make any statement regarding the tensions between NATO and the Imperial Armies, it would be one of neutrality. The overriding concern for our government is and always has been the heretofore unfair reputation NATO has gained for being a warmongering alliance that chooses to flex its military muscle rather than utilise its extensive diplomatic influence in more constructive ways. I need not remind you that there was a tangible reason for Sarzonia to withdraw its membership from NATO in the first place.

For Sarzonia to reconsider that withdrawal and petition for readmission, several steps must be taken, not the least of which is a proper redressing of our government's legitimate concerns with NATO's handling of the so-called Warlympics. I received word from the committee that it would be willing to place a motion to rejoin NATO on the table provided that such an overture is made by NATO itself. It is not in our country's nature to 'go crawling back' to anyone, regardless of reasons. We have active membership in three other alliances that we feel serve our needs and benefit us in ways we were hoping that NATO would.

I am willing to sit down with you and meet privately to discuss any concerns you may have as they relate to security. Be mindful that my schedule is very hectic at the moment; I am due in Hamptonshire for administrative reasons that stem from my additional title as Duke of Portshire within a matter of days and have a Woodstock Pact conference to plan just two weeks after that Ducal meeting adjourns. For those reasons, I would prefer to have the meeting in Woodstock within the next 48 hours. However, if that is not possible, I can postpone my trip to Hamptonshire and make a quick trip to your capital or whichever city you would prefer.

I await word of your decision regarding this matter.

[OOC: Thanks for RPing a response to my little RP. It was a shame it got reads but no IC replies!]

Private IC: Holopad Communiqué from Central Director Elliot Schultz

"Perhaps, given your schedule, it might be preferable to establish a meeting sometime within the period between your ducal meeting and the convening of Woodstock Pact conference. Given the complexity and delicacy of the issues for both our nations, I'd personally feel it too rushed to have a complete meeting in the next forty eight hours; the magnitude of the politics involved would probably require a multi-day conference of which both of us must be comfortable with the scheduling. That being said, I can accommodate a meeting anytime within the next three weeks at a location of mutual security and benefit.

Should transportation timing be an issue, our government can foot the bill and provide the necessary means in which to expedite your journey. Once we have finally agreed on the location and date of our meeting our nation could dispatch one of our newest Komomerenketsan passenger model aircraft for your leisure, provided that your nation has the necessary facilities of course. This way we can worry less about the transportation logistics and more about the political situation at hand. One and a half trillion standard dollars is quite the sizable chunk of money for either of our two nations and I want to make sure that we can either come to a solid agreement or amicable parting of the ways, whatever the case may be.

Take care, and I wish you well on your travels,"

http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v352/emschultz/Elliotsmall.jpg

-Central Director Elliot M. Schultz
-8th Central Director of Schultaria Prime: 1 Jan SDC 90 - Present [26 May SDC 116]