Turkmeny
31-08-2004, 23:09
Note: These were actually constructed close to a RL month ago, I simply combined the thread for ease. Original: http://forums2.jolt.co.uk/showthread.php?t=347321&highlight=Tokarev
Tokarev International News Network
"Earlier today, the Tokarev Minister of Defense, Field Marshal Prince Morimasa Nashimoto, and the Chief of Staff for the Tokarev Navy, Fleet Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto, announced that a series of defenses, called the "Tokarev Wall", will be constructed around the country.
Each section of wall will closely reemble the next. Here is a description of the Tokyo section of the wall.
http://www.eoc.nasda.go.jp/etc/images/avnir/image/avnir_tokyo_wan_map.gif
Two 'fortresses' will be constructed anchoring either end of the defensive system. Shiro Shimoda, near Shimoda, and Shiro Tateyama, at Tateyama. Each fortress will consist of extend 30km down the coast in either direction. The fortresses will be series of minefields, tank traps, barbed wire, and a complex of underground tunnels, bunkers, pillboxes, and casemates for more then fourty heavy guns ranging from 4" to 12" and more then three hundred anti-aircraft guns ranging from 13 to 40mm. Inland, the fortresses will be protected by two defense perimeters, one on the outskirts of the main barracks (a series of underground barracks and administrative complexes that is the hub of the fortresss) and one forming a twelve kilometer loop around the hub. These perimeters will consist of casemates, cupolas, turrets, and underground rail, power plants, storage, and barracks. So far no information is released as to the specifics of the inner perimeter walls.
In between the two fortresses will be twenty primary batteries strung out along the coast. Higashiizu Battery will consist of four 6" guns in casemates, a radar post, and a half dozen bunkers and ammunition stores. Ito Ichi Battery will consist of six 4" guns in casemates, and the Ito Ni Battery will have four 7" guns in casemates. Yugawara Battery will have six 6" guns in casemates; Odawara Battery with four 4" guns; Hakone Battery with four 4" guns; Ninomiya Battery with four 10" guns and a radar post; Oiso Battery with four 4" guns; Hiratsuka Battery with four 5" guns; Chigasaki Ichi Battery with twelve 6" guns; Chigasaki Ni Battery with twelve 6" guns and four 4" guns;Fujisawa Battery with four 4" guns; Kamakura Battery with six 6" guns; Hayama Battery with four 6" guns and one 12" gun; Miura Ichi Battery with four 12" guns, six 6" guns, and three 4" guns; Miura Ni Battery with four 6" guns and one 12" gun; Kyonan Ichi Battery with six 12" guns, eight 6" guns, and four 4" guns; Kyonan Ni Battery with four 4" guns; Yokosuka Ichi Battery with four 4" guns; and Yokosuka Ni Battery with six 6" guns.
Along the beaches and other suitable landing sites will be strung a total of 200 Fukuokas, or nests of resistance. Each Fukuoka consist of a couple of casemates armed with 3.5" or lesser guns and concrete pillboxes and underground bunkers, connected with a series of mortar, machine-gun and anti-aircraft-gun nests by a network of trenches. Twenty million mines will be dug into the shallows, the beaches, and the dunes. Barbed wire will be set up on high, sharp steel stakes to hinder movement and deter airborne troops. The beaches will be choked with Dragon's Teeth, anti-tank walls, tetrahedras (reinforced concrete spikes in the shallows that destroy landing barges), Belgian gates (heavy metal barriers mounted on wheels that serve as barricades and mobile anti-tank walls), nutcrackers (serrated steel bars on tripods in the shallows, sometimes armed with pressure mines), and Czech hedgehogs (three metal girders welded together to form an anti-tank obstacle and to deter landing barges, set into concrete bases to make them more stable).
Ten infantry divisions and five armored/mobilized divisions have been assigned to the defenses. It is estimated that this will use a total of 220 million tons of concrete and twenty million tons of steel, and require a labor force of at least 900,000. The present price tag on the project is 2000 trillion dollars.
THE SHIGAS
The Shigas will consist of casemates, cupolas, turrets, underground rail, power plants, munitions storage, and barracks.
Casemates will contain loopholes for infantry arms, or embrasures for artillery. Casemates provide mainly flanking fire in a 45-degree horizontal arc. The facade is protected against artillery shots by an orillon, or overhang, on the enemy side. A deep ditch protects the embrasures and loopholes from explosive attacks and assured that the debris from the shelling did not obstruct the field of fire. There are machine-gun casemates, 75mm casemates with 2 to 3 guns each, and, casemates for 4" and higher artillery and 81mm mortars.
Fixed cupolas are domes made of molded steel, pierced by loopholes and sealed in the concrete roof of a casemate. The majority will be used for signalling, or for riflemen. They permitt surveillance and observation with periscopes and diascopes, the defense of the top of casemates and the rear area, and to fire flare guns. Each block will have an observation cupola. Finally, there will be small ventilation cupolas (called mushrooms).
Turrets revolve 360 degrees and rise up or down to a height of about 1 foot above the roof surface of the block. A steel collar surrounds the turret and provids further protection. The armament itself will be encased in a special steel dome to protect the gunners (2-4) and the guns underneath. Artillery turrets are built in one piece and are extremely elaborate. Each turret structure will be about three stories high. Protruding from the roof of the concrete block will be a round, low-angled dome about 4 feet in diameter. This will be surrounded by a steel collar, which is fixed into the concrete. If the turret were to be raised, an observer could see two horizontal holes, about 2 feet apart, half-way up the outer surface. These are the gun barrels and there are two guns per turret. Underneath the steel dome is the firing chamber.
A 75mm firing chamber are just barely high enough for a man to stand in and wide enough to reach out and touch both sides of the circular walls. Most of the space is taken up by the two guns, which sat on carriages. Shells are sent up to the guns from below by hoist. The shell is then loaded into the breech and fired. Once it is fired, the shell is ejected from the breech and falls into a container connected to a tube where it is finally ejected onto the floor at the bottom of the block, at the tunnel level.
http://www.maginot.org/armes/photos/art-0020.jpg
The machinery that operats the turret is below the firing chamber. The turret is controlled either electrically, or manually using a series of wheels and levers. From this level, the turret can be raised or lowered, pointed in a specific direction, or the guns can be raised or lowered to the correct firing angle. Just below the firing chamber floor, at head height and fixed to the circular outer wall, is a metal band about 3 inches wide, and etched with numbers that indicat zero to 360 degrees. This servs as the direction finder. A small pointer attached to the turret spins on the inside of this band and will be turned until the turret was facing in the proper direction.
The Shiga has two entrances, one for troops and one for munitions. These are located to the rear of the combat blocks, deep in a ravine on the reverse slope of the hill. Each entrance is well-protected by anti-tank weapons and anti-tank cannons pointed at the access road.
Entering through the munitions entrance, one encounters a long concrete gallery which could accomodate a truck. The exterior is protected by a ditch approximately 12 feet deep, which runs along the facade of the outer wall. A bridge runs across the ditch to the entryway. Firing chambers on the left and right of the entryway guard the entrance and the approaches. From the outside, the only thing that shows are gun embrasures, and the barrel of the anti-tank cannon or machine-gun. The interior entryway has several defensive features: an iron gate, a ditch covered by a rolling bridge that can be rolled away into a chamber on the other side of the interior wall, leaving a large ditch over which a vehicle can not pass, armored doors a foot thick, and interior blockhouses sited on the entrance, about 35m back. Beyond the first blockhouse the concrete is replaced with masonry, as the natural protection of the earth is sufficient at this depth.
Beyond the entrance gallery, the main gallery is equipped with a 60cm electrified train track. To the left, the main gallery branches off to the troop's entrance. This part of the Shiga is known as the caserne and contains the infirmary with showers for poison gas decontamination, sleeping chambers, lavatories, and police station, kitchens and storerooms. This area also houses the heart of the Shiga: the electric powerhouse, as well as the gas neutralization chambers. All of this is 35m underground.
http://www.bunkertours.co.uk/entrance.JPG
Electrical current from the powerhouse is needed for heating and lighting, ventilation, elevators, turrets, radio stations, electric kitchens, and munitions ramps. The current normally comes from the rear of the Shiga, from the national grid, and is connected by underground cables to a nearby concrete-protected transformer station, then through high-tension cables to the Shiga. A generating station inside the Shiga provides power in case of rupture from the outside, consisting of four electrogenerator groups of diesel motors, each 290 horsepower and 250 kilowatts. They are powered by diesel fuel stored in six reservoirs which can last two to three months, plus a reservoir for lubricant. Chambers adjacent to the powerhouse hold eight reservoirs which can hold a total of 400 cubic meters of fresh water, auxilliary generators to assure lighting in the powerhouse, ventilators and pumps for fresh air, transformers to power the substations in the combat blocks, and a substation to power the train tracks wth continuous current.
http://www.maginot.info/pictures/foto/usine.jpg
The Shiga is provided with a ventilation and gas protection system in case of a gas attack. In case of such an attack, ventilators would cause air overpressure to blow the air out of the Shiga. Ventilators also clean the air of gunpowder smoke and exhaust from the diesel engines. To prevent the total depletion of the air supply, air is pumped from the outside, through round air filters about the size of a washing machine.
After the left branch to the caserne, the gallery continues to the combat blocks and the command post, the brain of the Shiga. The gallery widens at certain places to permit two trains to pass each other. The front part of the Shiga is protected by a second armored door and by mines on each side of the gallery which could be detonated to close off the tunnel. In this manner, if the enemy were to penetrate past the entrance defenses into the galleries, the tunnel leading to the combat blocks could be destroyed, preventing the enemy from reaching the nerve center of the Shiga, and at the same time, allowing the combat blocks to continue fighting. Past the second armored door, the gallery branches off to the different combat blocks. The length of the gallery from the entrance to the furthest combat blocks is 2.2km.
http://www.bunkertours.co.uk/hacktunnel.gif
A single casemate can fire three tons of shells per minute. An elaborate transportation system is necessary to keep the guns replenished. The designers decided to maintain three types of munitions storage areas rather than one central magazine. By the munitions entrance is the main storage area between the outside and the blocks, known as M1. It has seven chambers, each 5 by 25 meters, which are isolated from the troop entrance and the caserne area. At the foot of each combat block, 20m below ground, is M2, with stores enough for two days of battle. In the block itself, near the weapons, is M3. For one cannon, M1 holds 3,000 shells, M2 2,800, and M3 600. They are transported by locomotives of 5.5 tons along the 600-volt railways. The casemate has four Vetra locomotives and 57 wagonettes, commonly called the "metro."
http://www.maginot67.com/Maginot/Photos/locotracteur_diesel_billard.jpg
Shells are transported in containers called chasses from the munitions depots on 60cm railway systems. A chassis is a metal box that held around 100 75mm shells in racks and is the size of a small refrigerator. The train from the depot enters the munitions entrance and travells along the gallery to a train station. The chassis is moved to another wagonette pulled by a small locomotive and transported to M1 or to the combat block's M2 magazine. Chains connected to pulleys on overhead rails were hooked to the top of the chassis, which is hoisted out of the wagonette, and pushed by hand along the rails into M2. To replenish the gun, the chassis is again pushed along a rail and transferred to a rail in the roof of the elevator leading up to the combat block. The elevator rises to the gun level, the door is opened, and the chassis moved onto rails in the ceiling of the surface block to the M3 storage area near the base of the gun.
http://oberkampf.muddeln.free.fr/images/Maginot/chassis.jpg
Telephone communications throughout the Shiga are handled by a telephone switchboard located in the command post near the combat blocks. This switchboard is connected to the outside system by underground cable. All the combat blocks are connected to each other and to the command post, storage depots behind the lines, and to reinforcements, as well as to all observation posts. This system allows the big guns to fire less then three minutes after spotting a target by an observer. The Shiga is equipped with a transmitter-receiver and an outside antenna if the telephone service is cut.
A bunker will be manned by 812 men: 27 officers, 97 NCOs, 107 Corporals, and 587 soldiers, plus 161 engineers. Beds are available for those who are off duty. The Shiga is set up like a ship, where the number of beds is less than the number of occupants. There are 509 beds for 812 men. There is plenty of water and chemicals for the toilets.
Operations inside the Shigas are an exact science. Three bunkers are linked to form an artillery group under the control of a sub-sector artillery commander. This would enable one group to support the other and for massed battery fire to be easily coordinated.
The area around the main Shigas are dotted with blockhouses, pillboxes, gun nests, mines, barbed wire, trenches, antitank walls, and other obstacles.
The Shiga is surrounded by a defensive ring of barbed wire, trenches, gun emplacements, and small underground bunker systems. This is in turn surrounded by a twelve-kilometer long series of defenses, in case the first ones are breached. The system in both layers of defenses is similar to the defenses of the Shiga itself.
The underground system extends 30km in either direction, connecting a series of other bunkers and defensive emplacements, which are all grouped together to form what is collectively called a Shiga.
THE BATTERIES
Higashiizu Battery will consist of four 6" guns in casemates.
Ito Ichi Battery will consist of six 4" guns in casemates, and the Ito Ni Battery will have four 8" guns in casemates.
Yugawara Battery will have six 6" guns in casemates.
Odawara Battery with four 4" guns.
Hakone Battery with four 4" guns.
Ninomiya Battery with four 12" guns.
Oiso Battery with four 4" guns.
Hiratsuka Battery with four 5" guns.
Chigasaki Ichi Battery with twelve 6" guns and Chigasaki Ni Battery with twelve 6" guns and four 4" guns.
Fujisawa Battery with four 4" guns.
Kamakura Battery with six 6" guns.
Hayama Battery with four 6" guns and one 12" gun.
Miura Ichi Battery with four 12" guns, six 6" guns, and three 4" guns and Miura Ni Battery with four 6" guns and one 12" gun.
Kyonan Ichi Battery with six 12" guns, eight 6" guns, and four 4" guns and Kyonan Ni Battery with four 4" guns.
Yokosuka Ichi Battery with four 4" guns and Yokosuka Ni Battery with six 6" guns.
EQUIPMENT
The radar grid covering the defensive system operates on a long or medium wave (2.6m to 53cm), with five major types of systems.
There are thirty Ookinas, thirty Mizus, twenty Fuans, and twenty Jakens deployed.
Ookina-type radar
http://www.rotilom.com/juin44/Detection/IMAG0010.JPG
Intended Purpose: Remote detecting
Search Area: 100 degrees
Range: up to 8000m altitude and 300km distance
Distance Measuring Accuracy: plus or minus 0-300m
Bearing Accuracy: plus or minus 0-5 degrees
Size: 10m height, 30m width
Noise Immunity: Strewing waves, no alternate frequency (2.2 to 2.5m only)
Mizu-type radar
http://home.zonnet.nl/atlanticwall/radar/radar2.jpg
Intended Purpose: Remote detecting and hunter guidance
Search Area: 360 degrees
Range: up to 8000m altitude and 210km distance
Distance Measuring Accuracy: plus or minus 0-300m
Bearing Accuracy: Plus or minus 3-18 degrees
Size: 57m height, 12.5m width
Noise Immunity: Three frequency ranges (1.9-2.5m; 1.2-1.9m; and 2.4-4m)
Fuan-type radar
http://home.zonnet.nl/atlanticwall/radar/radar3.jpg
Intended Purpose: Flight-announce and hunt-experience-turn out
Search Area: 360 degrees
Range: up to 8000m altitude and 120km distance
Distance Measuring Accuracy: plus or minus 0-150m
Bearing Accuracy: Plus or minus 0-5 degrees
Size: 9m height, 6m width
Noise Immunity: One frequency range (2.4-4m)
Jaken-type radar
http://home.zonnet.nl/atlanticwall/radar/radar5.jpg
Intended Purpose: Round search
Search Area: 360 degreees
Range: up to 8000m altitude and 120km distance
Distance Measuring Accuracy: plus or minus 0-150m
Bearing Accuracy: Plus or minus 0-5 degrees
Size: 5m height, 24m width
Noise Immunity: Continuous wave alternate (1.9-2.2m and 1.2-1.9m)
Gun Data
Many of the guns were formerly mounted in cruisers, especially the recently mothballed Mogami-class.
12"/50cal
Bore: 304.8mm / 12.0in
Weight: 49.4 tonnes / 48.6 tons
Length oa: 15545mm / 612.0in / 51.0cal
Length bore: 15149mm / 596.4in / 49.7cal
Length chamber: 2029mm / 79.9in
Volume chamber: 194.4(cubic)dm / 11863(cubic)in
Length rifling: 13004mm / 511.96in
Grooves: (72) 2.28mm deep x 9.299mm / 0.090in deep x 0.327in
Lands: 5.00mm / 0.197in
Twist: Uniform 1 in 25
Weight projectile: 517kg / 1140lbs
Propellant charge: (NC) 122.5kg / 270lbs
Muzzle velocity: 762mps / 2500fps
Working pressure: 2990 kg per (square)cm / 19 tons per (square)in
Approx life: 344 EFC
Max range: 35271m at 45 degrees / 38573 yards at 45 degrees
Weight mounting: 949 tonnes / 934 tons
Mean roller path dia: 8.204m / 26ft
Distance between gun axes: 2.49m / 98in
Recoil distance: 91cm / 36in
Elevating speed max: 11.97 degrees per second
Training speed max: 5 degrees per second
Rate of fire: 3-4 rounds per minute
Shield: 325mm / 12.8in
8"/50cal
Bore: 203.2mm / 8.0in
Weight: 19000kg / 18.7 tons
Length oa: 10310mm / 405.91in / 50.74cal
Length bore: 10000mm / 393.70in / 49.21cal
Length chamber: 1348mm / 53.07in
Volume chamber: 68(cubic)dm / 4150(cubic)in
Length rifling: 8480.9mm / 333.89in
Grooves: (48) 2.28mm deep x 9.299mm / 0.090in deep x 0.327in
Lands: 5.00mm / 0.197in
Twist: Uniform 1 in 27.56
Weight projectile: 125.85kg / 277.45lbs
Propellant charge: (53 DC) 33.8kg / 72.6lbs
Muzzle velocity: 840mps / 2756 fps
Working pressure: 3130 kg per (square)cm / 19.9 tons per (square)in
Approx life: 320-400 EFC
Max range: 29400m at 45 degrees / 32150 yards at 45 degrees
Weight mounting: 175 tonnes / 172 tons
Mean roller path dia: 5.71m / 18.75ft
Distance between gun axes: 1.90m / 74.8in
Recoil distance: 75.3cm / 29.65in
Elevating speed max: 6-12 degrees per second
Training speed max: 4 degrees per second
Rate of fire: 4-5 rounds per minute
Shield: 25mm / 1in
6"/60cal
Bore: 155mm / 6.1in
Weight: 12700kg / 12.50 tons
Length oa: 9615mm / 378.54in / 62.03cal
Length bore: 9300mm / 366.14in / 60.0cal
Length chamber: 1128mm / 44.41in
Volume chamber: 38(cubic)dm / 2319(cubic)in
Length rifling: 8025mm / 315.94in
Grooves: (40) 1.80mm deep x 7.514mm / 0.71in deep by 0.296in
Lands: 4.66mm / 0.183in
Twist: Uniform 1 in 28
Weight projectile: 55.87kg / 123.2lbs
Propellant charge: (36 DC2) 19.50kg / 43lbs
Muzzle velocity: 920-925mps / 3018-3035fps
Working pressure: 3390-3400kg per (squre)cm / 21.5 tons per (square)in
Approx life: 250-300 EFC
Max range: 27400m at 45 degrees / 29960 yards at 45 degrees
Weight mounting: 73 tonnes / 72 tons
Distance between gun axes: 1.55m / 61in
Recoil distance: 53cm / 21in
Elevating speed max: 10 degrees per second
Training speed max: 6 degrees per second
Rate of fire: 6-10 rounds per minute
Shield: 20mm / 0.8in
5"/40cal
Bore: 127mm / 5.0in
Weight: 3100kg / 3.05 tons
Length oa: 5284mm / 208.03in / 41.61cal
Length bore: 5080mm / 200.0in / 40.0cal
Length chamber: 534.4mm / 21.04in
Volume chamber: 9(cubic)dm / 549(cubic)in
Length rifling: 4450.1mm / 175.20in
Grooves: (36) 1.52mm deep x 6.63mm / 0.060in deep by 0.261in
Lands: 4.45mm / 0.175in
Twist: Uniform 1 in 28
Weight projectile: 23kg / 50.7lbs
Propellant charge: (21 DC) 3.98kg / 8.77lbs
Muzzle velocity: 720-725mps / 2362-2379fps
Working pressure: 2500-2530kg per (squre)cm / 16.1 tons per (square)in
Approx life: 800-1500 EFC
Max range: 14700m at 45 degrees / 16075 yards at 45 degrees
Weight mounting: 29000kg / 28.5 tons
Mean roller path dia: 2.280m / 7.48ft
Distance between gun axes: 0.680m / 26.77in
Recoil distance: 38cm / 15in
Elevating speed max: 16 degrees per second
Training speed max: 7-16 degrees per second
Rate of fire: 14 rounds per minute
Shield: 12mm / 0.48in
4"/65cal
Bore: 100mm / 3.937in
Weight: 3053kg / 3.005 tons
Length oa: 6730mm / 264.96in / 67.3cal
Length bore: 6500mm / 255.91in / 65.0cal
Length chamber: 750mm / 29.53in
Volume chamber: 10.5(cubic)cm / 641(cubic)in
Length rifling: 5631mm / 221.69in
Grooves: (32) 1.25mm deep x 5.565mm / 0.049in deep by 0.219in
Lands: 4.252mm / 0.167in
Twist: Uniform 1 in 28
Weight projectile: 13kg / 28.7lbs
Propellant charge: (21 DC) 6kg / 13.23lbs
Muzzle velocity: 1010mps / 3314fps
Working pressure: 3050kg per (squre)cm / 19.4 tons per (square)in
Approx life: 350-400 EFC
Max range: 19500m at 45 degrees / 21300 yards at 45 degrees
Weight mounting: 34500kg / 34 tons
Mean roller path dia: 2.280m / 7.48ft
Distance between gun axes: 0.660m / 25.98in
Recoil distance: 20.3cm / 8in
Elevating speed max: 16 degrees per second
Training speed max: 12-16 degrees per second
Rate of fire: 15-21 rounds per minute
Shield: 3mm / 0.12in
Teller Mines
http://www.normandiememoire.com/NM60Anglais/images/histoire/h1_p3_3_ECPA_02-copie.jpg
The farthest line of defense are the teller mines. Teller mines consist of a timber post cocked at a seaward angle with an explosive attached. When a pressure of up to 330lbs (such as a landing craft) is applied to the teller mine, 11 pounds of explosive are set off, a blast powerful enough to disable a tank. A second line of these, called "nutcrackers" were deployed further up the beach.
Czech Hedgehogs
http://images4.fotki.com/v50/photos/1/133612/555451/beachobstacleshedges-vi.jpg
After the teller mines was a field of Hedgehogs. Hedgehogs consist of three metal girders, sections of rail, or similar material welded together, designed to tear the hulls of landing craft. They are set into concrete bases to keep them from moving. Every third Hedgehog also has an explosive set into one of the girders.
Belgian Gates
http://images4.fotki.com/v50/photos/1/133612/555451/belgiangates-vi.jpg
Belgian Gates are large metal barriers mounted on wheels. They are ten-feet high and deployed perpendicular to the beach and facing the war, with anti-tank mines attached to the fronts.
Tetrahedra
Tetrahedra are made of six equal pre-formed, reinforced concrete limbs fitted so as to form four equilateral triangles, capable of resting on any of them; by having a pin thrust hinge-wise through the projecting loop-ends of the reinforcing bars at each end.
Antitank Walls
http://www.normandiememoire.com/NM60Anglais/images/histoire/h1_p3_2f_ECPA_01.jpg
Anti-tank walls are thick concrete barriers with anti-tank mines blocking the upper ends of the beaches. They are reinforced by steel and often cushioned by sand bags and reinforced timber. Dragon's Teeth were concrete slabs stuck in the sand to stop or disable tanks.
Other defenses
Over 300 million mines have been placed in the waters, sands, and dunes. There are also miles of barbed wire strung out, and over 15,000 reinforced concrete bunkers and pillboxes covering the beaches in this 150km section of the wall.
--------------------------------------
Each section of defenses is similar to the one above, and is known as a "Kabe."
"Kabe Sagami" stretches 150km from Nojima-zaki to Iro-zaki.
"Kabe Suruga" stretches 150km from Iro-zaki to Omae-zaki.
"Kabe Ise" stretches 150km from Atsumi-hanto to Daio-zaki.
"Kabe Kumano" stretches 150km from Daio-zaki to Shiono-zaki.
"Kabe Kii" stretches 300km from Shiono-zaki to Muroto-zaki on Shikoku.
"Kabe Tosa" stretches 150km along Shikoku from Muroto-zaki to Ashizuri-zaki.
"Kabe Bungo" stretches 150km from Ashizuri-zaki to the town of Kamae on Kyushu.
"Kabe Osumi" stretches 150km from Toi-misaki to the town of Makurazaki.
"Kabe Amakusa" stretches 150km from the city of Akune to the island of Takashima.
"Kabe Tsushima" stretches 150km from the island of Hirado-jima to the city of Kitakyushu.
"Kabe Shimane" stretches 150km from Kitakyushu to Gotsu.
"Kabe Sakai" stretches 150km from Sakai-minato to Kyoga-saki.
"Kabe Wakasa" stretches 150km from Kyoga-zaki to the town of Mikumi.
"Kabe Toyama" stretches 250km from Suzu-misaki to the city of Niigata.
"Kabe Mutsu" stretches 250km from Nyudo-zaki to the city of Hachinohe.
"Kabe Sendai" stretches 150km from Ojika-hanto to Shioya-zaki.
"Kabe Kashima" stretches 150km from Shioya-zaki to Inubo-zaki.
On Hokkaido, "Kabe Tsugaru" stretches from the island of Ko-jima to Esan-saki.
"Kabe Uchiura" stretches 150km from the city of Muroran to Esan-saki.
"Kabe Ishikari" stretches 150km from Kamui-misaki to the town of Mashike.
"Kabe Soya" stretches 150km from the island of Rebun-jima to the town of Esashi.
"Kabe Nemuro" stretches 150km from Shiretoko-misaki to Nemuro-hanto.
"Kabe Kushiro" stretches 150km from Nemuro-hanto to Erimo-misaki.
Coastal islands with similar fortifications include:
Okushiri-to
O-shima
The Oki-gunto Islands
Sado
Tsushima
Goto-retto
Iki
Koshikijima-retto
Tanega-shima
The Izu-shoto Islands
Awaji-shima
Kunashiri-to
Yaku-shima
Osumi-shoto
Nakano-shima
Amami-o-shima
Tokuno-shima
The Sakishima-shoto Islands
Okinawa
The Tokara-retto Islands
The Bonin Islands
The Kazan-retto Islands
Daito-jima
Okino-daito-jima
Cheju-do Island
Ullung-do Island
Liancourt Rocks
Ostrov Kunashi Island
The Habomai Islands
Shikotan-to Island
On these map, the red indicates the extent of the fortifications.
http://img80.exs.cx/img80/4983/Japan.jpg
http://img74.exs.cx/img74/8880/80607E0H.gif
http://img74.exs.cx/img74/9379/boninislandsendmap.gif
http://img74.exs.cx/img74/1949/Hokkaido.jpg
Tokarev International News Network
"Earlier today, the Tokarev Minister of Defense, Field Marshal Prince Morimasa Nashimoto, and the Chief of Staff for the Tokarev Navy, Fleet Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto, announced that a series of defenses, called the "Tokarev Wall", will be constructed around the country.
Each section of wall will closely reemble the next. Here is a description of the Tokyo section of the wall.
http://www.eoc.nasda.go.jp/etc/images/avnir/image/avnir_tokyo_wan_map.gif
Two 'fortresses' will be constructed anchoring either end of the defensive system. Shiro Shimoda, near Shimoda, and Shiro Tateyama, at Tateyama. Each fortress will consist of extend 30km down the coast in either direction. The fortresses will be series of minefields, tank traps, barbed wire, and a complex of underground tunnels, bunkers, pillboxes, and casemates for more then fourty heavy guns ranging from 4" to 12" and more then three hundred anti-aircraft guns ranging from 13 to 40mm. Inland, the fortresses will be protected by two defense perimeters, one on the outskirts of the main barracks (a series of underground barracks and administrative complexes that is the hub of the fortresss) and one forming a twelve kilometer loop around the hub. These perimeters will consist of casemates, cupolas, turrets, and underground rail, power plants, storage, and barracks. So far no information is released as to the specifics of the inner perimeter walls.
In between the two fortresses will be twenty primary batteries strung out along the coast. Higashiizu Battery will consist of four 6" guns in casemates, a radar post, and a half dozen bunkers and ammunition stores. Ito Ichi Battery will consist of six 4" guns in casemates, and the Ito Ni Battery will have four 7" guns in casemates. Yugawara Battery will have six 6" guns in casemates; Odawara Battery with four 4" guns; Hakone Battery with four 4" guns; Ninomiya Battery with four 10" guns and a radar post; Oiso Battery with four 4" guns; Hiratsuka Battery with four 5" guns; Chigasaki Ichi Battery with twelve 6" guns; Chigasaki Ni Battery with twelve 6" guns and four 4" guns;Fujisawa Battery with four 4" guns; Kamakura Battery with six 6" guns; Hayama Battery with four 6" guns and one 12" gun; Miura Ichi Battery with four 12" guns, six 6" guns, and three 4" guns; Miura Ni Battery with four 6" guns and one 12" gun; Kyonan Ichi Battery with six 12" guns, eight 6" guns, and four 4" guns; Kyonan Ni Battery with four 4" guns; Yokosuka Ichi Battery with four 4" guns; and Yokosuka Ni Battery with six 6" guns.
Along the beaches and other suitable landing sites will be strung a total of 200 Fukuokas, or nests of resistance. Each Fukuoka consist of a couple of casemates armed with 3.5" or lesser guns and concrete pillboxes and underground bunkers, connected with a series of mortar, machine-gun and anti-aircraft-gun nests by a network of trenches. Twenty million mines will be dug into the shallows, the beaches, and the dunes. Barbed wire will be set up on high, sharp steel stakes to hinder movement and deter airborne troops. The beaches will be choked with Dragon's Teeth, anti-tank walls, tetrahedras (reinforced concrete spikes in the shallows that destroy landing barges), Belgian gates (heavy metal barriers mounted on wheels that serve as barricades and mobile anti-tank walls), nutcrackers (serrated steel bars on tripods in the shallows, sometimes armed with pressure mines), and Czech hedgehogs (three metal girders welded together to form an anti-tank obstacle and to deter landing barges, set into concrete bases to make them more stable).
Ten infantry divisions and five armored/mobilized divisions have been assigned to the defenses. It is estimated that this will use a total of 220 million tons of concrete and twenty million tons of steel, and require a labor force of at least 900,000. The present price tag on the project is 2000 trillion dollars.
THE SHIGAS
The Shigas will consist of casemates, cupolas, turrets, underground rail, power plants, munitions storage, and barracks.
Casemates will contain loopholes for infantry arms, or embrasures for artillery. Casemates provide mainly flanking fire in a 45-degree horizontal arc. The facade is protected against artillery shots by an orillon, or overhang, on the enemy side. A deep ditch protects the embrasures and loopholes from explosive attacks and assured that the debris from the shelling did not obstruct the field of fire. There are machine-gun casemates, 75mm casemates with 2 to 3 guns each, and, casemates for 4" and higher artillery and 81mm mortars.
Fixed cupolas are domes made of molded steel, pierced by loopholes and sealed in the concrete roof of a casemate. The majority will be used for signalling, or for riflemen. They permitt surveillance and observation with periscopes and diascopes, the defense of the top of casemates and the rear area, and to fire flare guns. Each block will have an observation cupola. Finally, there will be small ventilation cupolas (called mushrooms).
Turrets revolve 360 degrees and rise up or down to a height of about 1 foot above the roof surface of the block. A steel collar surrounds the turret and provids further protection. The armament itself will be encased in a special steel dome to protect the gunners (2-4) and the guns underneath. Artillery turrets are built in one piece and are extremely elaborate. Each turret structure will be about three stories high. Protruding from the roof of the concrete block will be a round, low-angled dome about 4 feet in diameter. This will be surrounded by a steel collar, which is fixed into the concrete. If the turret were to be raised, an observer could see two horizontal holes, about 2 feet apart, half-way up the outer surface. These are the gun barrels and there are two guns per turret. Underneath the steel dome is the firing chamber.
A 75mm firing chamber are just barely high enough for a man to stand in and wide enough to reach out and touch both sides of the circular walls. Most of the space is taken up by the two guns, which sat on carriages. Shells are sent up to the guns from below by hoist. The shell is then loaded into the breech and fired. Once it is fired, the shell is ejected from the breech and falls into a container connected to a tube where it is finally ejected onto the floor at the bottom of the block, at the tunnel level.
http://www.maginot.org/armes/photos/art-0020.jpg
The machinery that operats the turret is below the firing chamber. The turret is controlled either electrically, or manually using a series of wheels and levers. From this level, the turret can be raised or lowered, pointed in a specific direction, or the guns can be raised or lowered to the correct firing angle. Just below the firing chamber floor, at head height and fixed to the circular outer wall, is a metal band about 3 inches wide, and etched with numbers that indicat zero to 360 degrees. This servs as the direction finder. A small pointer attached to the turret spins on the inside of this band and will be turned until the turret was facing in the proper direction.
The Shiga has two entrances, one for troops and one for munitions. These are located to the rear of the combat blocks, deep in a ravine on the reverse slope of the hill. Each entrance is well-protected by anti-tank weapons and anti-tank cannons pointed at the access road.
Entering through the munitions entrance, one encounters a long concrete gallery which could accomodate a truck. The exterior is protected by a ditch approximately 12 feet deep, which runs along the facade of the outer wall. A bridge runs across the ditch to the entryway. Firing chambers on the left and right of the entryway guard the entrance and the approaches. From the outside, the only thing that shows are gun embrasures, and the barrel of the anti-tank cannon or machine-gun. The interior entryway has several defensive features: an iron gate, a ditch covered by a rolling bridge that can be rolled away into a chamber on the other side of the interior wall, leaving a large ditch over which a vehicle can not pass, armored doors a foot thick, and interior blockhouses sited on the entrance, about 35m back. Beyond the first blockhouse the concrete is replaced with masonry, as the natural protection of the earth is sufficient at this depth.
Beyond the entrance gallery, the main gallery is equipped with a 60cm electrified train track. To the left, the main gallery branches off to the troop's entrance. This part of the Shiga is known as the caserne and contains the infirmary with showers for poison gas decontamination, sleeping chambers, lavatories, and police station, kitchens and storerooms. This area also houses the heart of the Shiga: the electric powerhouse, as well as the gas neutralization chambers. All of this is 35m underground.
http://www.bunkertours.co.uk/entrance.JPG
Electrical current from the powerhouse is needed for heating and lighting, ventilation, elevators, turrets, radio stations, electric kitchens, and munitions ramps. The current normally comes from the rear of the Shiga, from the national grid, and is connected by underground cables to a nearby concrete-protected transformer station, then through high-tension cables to the Shiga. A generating station inside the Shiga provides power in case of rupture from the outside, consisting of four electrogenerator groups of diesel motors, each 290 horsepower and 250 kilowatts. They are powered by diesel fuel stored in six reservoirs which can last two to three months, plus a reservoir for lubricant. Chambers adjacent to the powerhouse hold eight reservoirs which can hold a total of 400 cubic meters of fresh water, auxilliary generators to assure lighting in the powerhouse, ventilators and pumps for fresh air, transformers to power the substations in the combat blocks, and a substation to power the train tracks wth continuous current.
http://www.maginot.info/pictures/foto/usine.jpg
The Shiga is provided with a ventilation and gas protection system in case of a gas attack. In case of such an attack, ventilators would cause air overpressure to blow the air out of the Shiga. Ventilators also clean the air of gunpowder smoke and exhaust from the diesel engines. To prevent the total depletion of the air supply, air is pumped from the outside, through round air filters about the size of a washing machine.
After the left branch to the caserne, the gallery continues to the combat blocks and the command post, the brain of the Shiga. The gallery widens at certain places to permit two trains to pass each other. The front part of the Shiga is protected by a second armored door and by mines on each side of the gallery which could be detonated to close off the tunnel. In this manner, if the enemy were to penetrate past the entrance defenses into the galleries, the tunnel leading to the combat blocks could be destroyed, preventing the enemy from reaching the nerve center of the Shiga, and at the same time, allowing the combat blocks to continue fighting. Past the second armored door, the gallery branches off to the different combat blocks. The length of the gallery from the entrance to the furthest combat blocks is 2.2km.
http://www.bunkertours.co.uk/hacktunnel.gif
A single casemate can fire three tons of shells per minute. An elaborate transportation system is necessary to keep the guns replenished. The designers decided to maintain three types of munitions storage areas rather than one central magazine. By the munitions entrance is the main storage area between the outside and the blocks, known as M1. It has seven chambers, each 5 by 25 meters, which are isolated from the troop entrance and the caserne area. At the foot of each combat block, 20m below ground, is M2, with stores enough for two days of battle. In the block itself, near the weapons, is M3. For one cannon, M1 holds 3,000 shells, M2 2,800, and M3 600. They are transported by locomotives of 5.5 tons along the 600-volt railways. The casemate has four Vetra locomotives and 57 wagonettes, commonly called the "metro."
http://www.maginot67.com/Maginot/Photos/locotracteur_diesel_billard.jpg
Shells are transported in containers called chasses from the munitions depots on 60cm railway systems. A chassis is a metal box that held around 100 75mm shells in racks and is the size of a small refrigerator. The train from the depot enters the munitions entrance and travells along the gallery to a train station. The chassis is moved to another wagonette pulled by a small locomotive and transported to M1 or to the combat block's M2 magazine. Chains connected to pulleys on overhead rails were hooked to the top of the chassis, which is hoisted out of the wagonette, and pushed by hand along the rails into M2. To replenish the gun, the chassis is again pushed along a rail and transferred to a rail in the roof of the elevator leading up to the combat block. The elevator rises to the gun level, the door is opened, and the chassis moved onto rails in the ceiling of the surface block to the M3 storage area near the base of the gun.
http://oberkampf.muddeln.free.fr/images/Maginot/chassis.jpg
Telephone communications throughout the Shiga are handled by a telephone switchboard located in the command post near the combat blocks. This switchboard is connected to the outside system by underground cable. All the combat blocks are connected to each other and to the command post, storage depots behind the lines, and to reinforcements, as well as to all observation posts. This system allows the big guns to fire less then three minutes after spotting a target by an observer. The Shiga is equipped with a transmitter-receiver and an outside antenna if the telephone service is cut.
A bunker will be manned by 812 men: 27 officers, 97 NCOs, 107 Corporals, and 587 soldiers, plus 161 engineers. Beds are available for those who are off duty. The Shiga is set up like a ship, where the number of beds is less than the number of occupants. There are 509 beds for 812 men. There is plenty of water and chemicals for the toilets.
Operations inside the Shigas are an exact science. Three bunkers are linked to form an artillery group under the control of a sub-sector artillery commander. This would enable one group to support the other and for massed battery fire to be easily coordinated.
The area around the main Shigas are dotted with blockhouses, pillboxes, gun nests, mines, barbed wire, trenches, antitank walls, and other obstacles.
The Shiga is surrounded by a defensive ring of barbed wire, trenches, gun emplacements, and small underground bunker systems. This is in turn surrounded by a twelve-kilometer long series of defenses, in case the first ones are breached. The system in both layers of defenses is similar to the defenses of the Shiga itself.
The underground system extends 30km in either direction, connecting a series of other bunkers and defensive emplacements, which are all grouped together to form what is collectively called a Shiga.
THE BATTERIES
Higashiizu Battery will consist of four 6" guns in casemates.
Ito Ichi Battery will consist of six 4" guns in casemates, and the Ito Ni Battery will have four 8" guns in casemates.
Yugawara Battery will have six 6" guns in casemates.
Odawara Battery with four 4" guns.
Hakone Battery with four 4" guns.
Ninomiya Battery with four 12" guns.
Oiso Battery with four 4" guns.
Hiratsuka Battery with four 5" guns.
Chigasaki Ichi Battery with twelve 6" guns and Chigasaki Ni Battery with twelve 6" guns and four 4" guns.
Fujisawa Battery with four 4" guns.
Kamakura Battery with six 6" guns.
Hayama Battery with four 6" guns and one 12" gun.
Miura Ichi Battery with four 12" guns, six 6" guns, and three 4" guns and Miura Ni Battery with four 6" guns and one 12" gun.
Kyonan Ichi Battery with six 12" guns, eight 6" guns, and four 4" guns and Kyonan Ni Battery with four 4" guns.
Yokosuka Ichi Battery with four 4" guns and Yokosuka Ni Battery with six 6" guns.
EQUIPMENT
The radar grid covering the defensive system operates on a long or medium wave (2.6m to 53cm), with five major types of systems.
There are thirty Ookinas, thirty Mizus, twenty Fuans, and twenty Jakens deployed.
Ookina-type radar
http://www.rotilom.com/juin44/Detection/IMAG0010.JPG
Intended Purpose: Remote detecting
Search Area: 100 degrees
Range: up to 8000m altitude and 300km distance
Distance Measuring Accuracy: plus or minus 0-300m
Bearing Accuracy: plus or minus 0-5 degrees
Size: 10m height, 30m width
Noise Immunity: Strewing waves, no alternate frequency (2.2 to 2.5m only)
Mizu-type radar
http://home.zonnet.nl/atlanticwall/radar/radar2.jpg
Intended Purpose: Remote detecting and hunter guidance
Search Area: 360 degrees
Range: up to 8000m altitude and 210km distance
Distance Measuring Accuracy: plus or minus 0-300m
Bearing Accuracy: Plus or minus 3-18 degrees
Size: 57m height, 12.5m width
Noise Immunity: Three frequency ranges (1.9-2.5m; 1.2-1.9m; and 2.4-4m)
Fuan-type radar
http://home.zonnet.nl/atlanticwall/radar/radar3.jpg
Intended Purpose: Flight-announce and hunt-experience-turn out
Search Area: 360 degrees
Range: up to 8000m altitude and 120km distance
Distance Measuring Accuracy: plus or minus 0-150m
Bearing Accuracy: Plus or minus 0-5 degrees
Size: 9m height, 6m width
Noise Immunity: One frequency range (2.4-4m)
Jaken-type radar
http://home.zonnet.nl/atlanticwall/radar/radar5.jpg
Intended Purpose: Round search
Search Area: 360 degreees
Range: up to 8000m altitude and 120km distance
Distance Measuring Accuracy: plus or minus 0-150m
Bearing Accuracy: Plus or minus 0-5 degrees
Size: 5m height, 24m width
Noise Immunity: Continuous wave alternate (1.9-2.2m and 1.2-1.9m)
Gun Data
Many of the guns were formerly mounted in cruisers, especially the recently mothballed Mogami-class.
12"/50cal
Bore: 304.8mm / 12.0in
Weight: 49.4 tonnes / 48.6 tons
Length oa: 15545mm / 612.0in / 51.0cal
Length bore: 15149mm / 596.4in / 49.7cal
Length chamber: 2029mm / 79.9in
Volume chamber: 194.4(cubic)dm / 11863(cubic)in
Length rifling: 13004mm / 511.96in
Grooves: (72) 2.28mm deep x 9.299mm / 0.090in deep x 0.327in
Lands: 5.00mm / 0.197in
Twist: Uniform 1 in 25
Weight projectile: 517kg / 1140lbs
Propellant charge: (NC) 122.5kg / 270lbs
Muzzle velocity: 762mps / 2500fps
Working pressure: 2990 kg per (square)cm / 19 tons per (square)in
Approx life: 344 EFC
Max range: 35271m at 45 degrees / 38573 yards at 45 degrees
Weight mounting: 949 tonnes / 934 tons
Mean roller path dia: 8.204m / 26ft
Distance between gun axes: 2.49m / 98in
Recoil distance: 91cm / 36in
Elevating speed max: 11.97 degrees per second
Training speed max: 5 degrees per second
Rate of fire: 3-4 rounds per minute
Shield: 325mm / 12.8in
8"/50cal
Bore: 203.2mm / 8.0in
Weight: 19000kg / 18.7 tons
Length oa: 10310mm / 405.91in / 50.74cal
Length bore: 10000mm / 393.70in / 49.21cal
Length chamber: 1348mm / 53.07in
Volume chamber: 68(cubic)dm / 4150(cubic)in
Length rifling: 8480.9mm / 333.89in
Grooves: (48) 2.28mm deep x 9.299mm / 0.090in deep x 0.327in
Lands: 5.00mm / 0.197in
Twist: Uniform 1 in 27.56
Weight projectile: 125.85kg / 277.45lbs
Propellant charge: (53 DC) 33.8kg / 72.6lbs
Muzzle velocity: 840mps / 2756 fps
Working pressure: 3130 kg per (square)cm / 19.9 tons per (square)in
Approx life: 320-400 EFC
Max range: 29400m at 45 degrees / 32150 yards at 45 degrees
Weight mounting: 175 tonnes / 172 tons
Mean roller path dia: 5.71m / 18.75ft
Distance between gun axes: 1.90m / 74.8in
Recoil distance: 75.3cm / 29.65in
Elevating speed max: 6-12 degrees per second
Training speed max: 4 degrees per second
Rate of fire: 4-5 rounds per minute
Shield: 25mm / 1in
6"/60cal
Bore: 155mm / 6.1in
Weight: 12700kg / 12.50 tons
Length oa: 9615mm / 378.54in / 62.03cal
Length bore: 9300mm / 366.14in / 60.0cal
Length chamber: 1128mm / 44.41in
Volume chamber: 38(cubic)dm / 2319(cubic)in
Length rifling: 8025mm / 315.94in
Grooves: (40) 1.80mm deep x 7.514mm / 0.71in deep by 0.296in
Lands: 4.66mm / 0.183in
Twist: Uniform 1 in 28
Weight projectile: 55.87kg / 123.2lbs
Propellant charge: (36 DC2) 19.50kg / 43lbs
Muzzle velocity: 920-925mps / 3018-3035fps
Working pressure: 3390-3400kg per (squre)cm / 21.5 tons per (square)in
Approx life: 250-300 EFC
Max range: 27400m at 45 degrees / 29960 yards at 45 degrees
Weight mounting: 73 tonnes / 72 tons
Distance between gun axes: 1.55m / 61in
Recoil distance: 53cm / 21in
Elevating speed max: 10 degrees per second
Training speed max: 6 degrees per second
Rate of fire: 6-10 rounds per minute
Shield: 20mm / 0.8in
5"/40cal
Bore: 127mm / 5.0in
Weight: 3100kg / 3.05 tons
Length oa: 5284mm / 208.03in / 41.61cal
Length bore: 5080mm / 200.0in / 40.0cal
Length chamber: 534.4mm / 21.04in
Volume chamber: 9(cubic)dm / 549(cubic)in
Length rifling: 4450.1mm / 175.20in
Grooves: (36) 1.52mm deep x 6.63mm / 0.060in deep by 0.261in
Lands: 4.45mm / 0.175in
Twist: Uniform 1 in 28
Weight projectile: 23kg / 50.7lbs
Propellant charge: (21 DC) 3.98kg / 8.77lbs
Muzzle velocity: 720-725mps / 2362-2379fps
Working pressure: 2500-2530kg per (squre)cm / 16.1 tons per (square)in
Approx life: 800-1500 EFC
Max range: 14700m at 45 degrees / 16075 yards at 45 degrees
Weight mounting: 29000kg / 28.5 tons
Mean roller path dia: 2.280m / 7.48ft
Distance between gun axes: 0.680m / 26.77in
Recoil distance: 38cm / 15in
Elevating speed max: 16 degrees per second
Training speed max: 7-16 degrees per second
Rate of fire: 14 rounds per minute
Shield: 12mm / 0.48in
4"/65cal
Bore: 100mm / 3.937in
Weight: 3053kg / 3.005 tons
Length oa: 6730mm / 264.96in / 67.3cal
Length bore: 6500mm / 255.91in / 65.0cal
Length chamber: 750mm / 29.53in
Volume chamber: 10.5(cubic)cm / 641(cubic)in
Length rifling: 5631mm / 221.69in
Grooves: (32) 1.25mm deep x 5.565mm / 0.049in deep by 0.219in
Lands: 4.252mm / 0.167in
Twist: Uniform 1 in 28
Weight projectile: 13kg / 28.7lbs
Propellant charge: (21 DC) 6kg / 13.23lbs
Muzzle velocity: 1010mps / 3314fps
Working pressure: 3050kg per (squre)cm / 19.4 tons per (square)in
Approx life: 350-400 EFC
Max range: 19500m at 45 degrees / 21300 yards at 45 degrees
Weight mounting: 34500kg / 34 tons
Mean roller path dia: 2.280m / 7.48ft
Distance between gun axes: 0.660m / 25.98in
Recoil distance: 20.3cm / 8in
Elevating speed max: 16 degrees per second
Training speed max: 12-16 degrees per second
Rate of fire: 15-21 rounds per minute
Shield: 3mm / 0.12in
Teller Mines
http://www.normandiememoire.com/NM60Anglais/images/histoire/h1_p3_3_ECPA_02-copie.jpg
The farthest line of defense are the teller mines. Teller mines consist of a timber post cocked at a seaward angle with an explosive attached. When a pressure of up to 330lbs (such as a landing craft) is applied to the teller mine, 11 pounds of explosive are set off, a blast powerful enough to disable a tank. A second line of these, called "nutcrackers" were deployed further up the beach.
Czech Hedgehogs
http://images4.fotki.com/v50/photos/1/133612/555451/beachobstacleshedges-vi.jpg
After the teller mines was a field of Hedgehogs. Hedgehogs consist of three metal girders, sections of rail, or similar material welded together, designed to tear the hulls of landing craft. They are set into concrete bases to keep them from moving. Every third Hedgehog also has an explosive set into one of the girders.
Belgian Gates
http://images4.fotki.com/v50/photos/1/133612/555451/belgiangates-vi.jpg
Belgian Gates are large metal barriers mounted on wheels. They are ten-feet high and deployed perpendicular to the beach and facing the war, with anti-tank mines attached to the fronts.
Tetrahedra
Tetrahedra are made of six equal pre-formed, reinforced concrete limbs fitted so as to form four equilateral triangles, capable of resting on any of them; by having a pin thrust hinge-wise through the projecting loop-ends of the reinforcing bars at each end.
Antitank Walls
http://www.normandiememoire.com/NM60Anglais/images/histoire/h1_p3_2f_ECPA_01.jpg
Anti-tank walls are thick concrete barriers with anti-tank mines blocking the upper ends of the beaches. They are reinforced by steel and often cushioned by sand bags and reinforced timber. Dragon's Teeth were concrete slabs stuck in the sand to stop or disable tanks.
Other defenses
Over 300 million mines have been placed in the waters, sands, and dunes. There are also miles of barbed wire strung out, and over 15,000 reinforced concrete bunkers and pillboxes covering the beaches in this 150km section of the wall.
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Each section of defenses is similar to the one above, and is known as a "Kabe."
"Kabe Sagami" stretches 150km from Nojima-zaki to Iro-zaki.
"Kabe Suruga" stretches 150km from Iro-zaki to Omae-zaki.
"Kabe Ise" stretches 150km from Atsumi-hanto to Daio-zaki.
"Kabe Kumano" stretches 150km from Daio-zaki to Shiono-zaki.
"Kabe Kii" stretches 300km from Shiono-zaki to Muroto-zaki on Shikoku.
"Kabe Tosa" stretches 150km along Shikoku from Muroto-zaki to Ashizuri-zaki.
"Kabe Bungo" stretches 150km from Ashizuri-zaki to the town of Kamae on Kyushu.
"Kabe Osumi" stretches 150km from Toi-misaki to the town of Makurazaki.
"Kabe Amakusa" stretches 150km from the city of Akune to the island of Takashima.
"Kabe Tsushima" stretches 150km from the island of Hirado-jima to the city of Kitakyushu.
"Kabe Shimane" stretches 150km from Kitakyushu to Gotsu.
"Kabe Sakai" stretches 150km from Sakai-minato to Kyoga-saki.
"Kabe Wakasa" stretches 150km from Kyoga-zaki to the town of Mikumi.
"Kabe Toyama" stretches 250km from Suzu-misaki to the city of Niigata.
"Kabe Mutsu" stretches 250km from Nyudo-zaki to the city of Hachinohe.
"Kabe Sendai" stretches 150km from Ojika-hanto to Shioya-zaki.
"Kabe Kashima" stretches 150km from Shioya-zaki to Inubo-zaki.
On Hokkaido, "Kabe Tsugaru" stretches from the island of Ko-jima to Esan-saki.
"Kabe Uchiura" stretches 150km from the city of Muroran to Esan-saki.
"Kabe Ishikari" stretches 150km from Kamui-misaki to the town of Mashike.
"Kabe Soya" stretches 150km from the island of Rebun-jima to the town of Esashi.
"Kabe Nemuro" stretches 150km from Shiretoko-misaki to Nemuro-hanto.
"Kabe Kushiro" stretches 150km from Nemuro-hanto to Erimo-misaki.
Coastal islands with similar fortifications include:
Okushiri-to
O-shima
The Oki-gunto Islands
Sado
Tsushima
Goto-retto
Iki
Koshikijima-retto
Tanega-shima
The Izu-shoto Islands
Awaji-shima
Kunashiri-to
Yaku-shima
Osumi-shoto
Nakano-shima
Amami-o-shima
Tokuno-shima
The Sakishima-shoto Islands
Okinawa
The Tokara-retto Islands
The Bonin Islands
The Kazan-retto Islands
Daito-jima
Okino-daito-jima
Cheju-do Island
Ullung-do Island
Liancourt Rocks
Ostrov Kunashi Island
The Habomai Islands
Shikotan-to Island
On these map, the red indicates the extent of the fortifications.
http://img80.exs.cx/img80/4983/Japan.jpg
http://img74.exs.cx/img74/8880/80607E0H.gif
http://img74.exs.cx/img74/9379/boninislandsendmap.gif
http://img74.exs.cx/img74/1949/Hokkaido.jpg