NationStates Jolt Archive

communications:
Super High Frequency Sats:
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The DSCS III is the third generation of general purpose military communication satellites. The first DSCS III was launched in 1982. In contrast to its predecessors, DSCS III offers significantly greater capacity and longer life, and improved resistance to hostile activities such as jamming. The DSCS III satellite, which has a design life of ten years, is designed to support all three military services, and its signals can be received by ground antennas that range in diameter from 33 inches to 60 feet. Signals are broadcast on 6 channels between 7250 and 8400 MHz (television broadcasts between 54 MHz and 800 MHz). The satellite also carries a Single Channel Transponder (SCT) that is used to transmit Emergency Action Messages from the President to nuclear forces.

The DSCS III system is built with single- and multiple-beam antennas that provide more flexible coverage than its predecessors. Phase III satellites bring more capacity while providing greater assured communications through improved ability to resist jamming. Antenna design for DSCS III allows users to switch between fixed, Earth coverage, and multiple-beam antennas. The latter provides an Earth coverage beam as well as electrically steerable area and narrow-coverage beams. In addition, a steerable transmit dish antenna provides a spot beam with increased radiated power for users with small receivers. In this way, operators can tailor the communications beams to suit the needs of different size user terminals almost anywhere in the world.(1)

DSCS-3 spacecraft weigh 2,580 pounds, and have a design life of ten years, twice as long as the Phase IIs. The spacecraft's rectangular body is 6 feet x 6 feet x 7 feet; with a 38-foot span with solar arrays deployed. Phase III solar arrays generate 1,100 watts, decreasing to 837 watts after five years. Each DSCS III satellite costs about $100,000,000.

Extremely High Frequency Sats:

Milstar 1
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each spacecraft costing about $800 million
constellation was planned to consist of four active (and one spare) satellites in geosynchronous equatorial orbit, as well as three active (and one spare) satellites in geosynchronous polar orbit, with a tenth spacecraft procured as a ground spare in anticipation of a launch failure
capable of both EHF and ultra high frequency (UHF) transmissions to take advantage of existing air- and ground-based terminals.
The Milstar system will serve the priority needs of mobile tactical forces.
Milstar has been specifically designed to overcome shortfall characteristics of existing satellite communications systems. Concepts for survivability in a hostile space environment have shaped the design of this military communication system.
Minimum operational Milstar satellite constellation will be composed of four satellites positioned around the Earth in geosynchronous orbits plus a polar adjunct system. Each satellite will weigh approximately 10,000 pounds and have a design life of 10 years, with solar panels generating 8,000 watts of power


Milstar 2
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for tactical military forces
complete constellation is composed of nine Milstar 2 satellites and one spare
Milstar 2 satellites would weigh approximately 10,000 pounds

A higher-capacity Medium Data Rate than Milstar 1
The MDR payload will support 1.544 megabit channels that will be in addition to the 2.4 kilobit low data rate channels originally planned for Milstar satellites. The higher data rate of the MDR payload will enhance support to tactical users in the field. Other segments of the Milstar antenna suite include two crosslink antennas at the ends of the satellite wings. On the left wing are the helical Ultra High Frequency antennas, two of the three directional spot beam antennas (the third is hidden by the wing structure), and the box-shaped agile beam antennas. The large solar arrays generate power to operate the satellite.
Whole program costs $12 billion and includes sattalites and ground terminals.

SHF Ground Stations:
Capricorn
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ype of Service............... 500000KF9W (multilink, multivoice, and data)
Frequency Range:
Transmit............... 7.9 to 8.4 GHz
Receive............... 7.25 to 7.75 GHz
Planning Range............... 16,093 km (10,000 mi)
Power Input............... 115/230 V AC, 50 to 60 Hz
Power Source............... Any appropriate AC power source
Power Output............... Up to 20 kW
Antenna............... System Paraboloid surface, 18.29 m (60 ft) in diameter, weight 172.3 MT (190 t)
125 billion

FSC-78
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a fixed SHF SATCOM heavy SGT operating in the X-band frequency range
11.6 m (38 ft) diameter, DE-222/G, parabolic dish
The terminal is composed of six subsystems, including antenna tracking, transmitter, receiver, frequency reference, control, and monitoring. The antenna is a 60- foot diameter, high-efficiency, parabolic reflector providing an antenna gain-to-noise temperature ratio (G/ T) of 39 dB/ K. The reflector is mounted on an elevation-over-azimuth-configured pedestal. Cryogenically cooled, parametric amplifiers provide 30 dB of gain and an antenna G/ T ratio of 39 dB/ K. The antenna terminal equipment has a tracking converter, 15 down-converters, and 9 up-converters. Only 10 of the down-converters are normally active at one time; the remaining 5 are in hot standby. The output signals from the up-converters are fed to a 5-kW TWTA, providing a radiated antenna signal of 500-MHz bandwidth at an EIRP of 124 dB referenced to one watt (dBW). A redundant 5 kW power amplifier can be operated in parallel with the primary power amplifier to provide an output equivalent to 10 kW at an EIRP of 127 dBW. The down-converters translate the receive signal of 7.25 to 7.75 GHz to 70-MHz IF (40-MHz bandwidth) or a 700-MHz IF (125-MHz bandwidth). The up-converters translate the 70 or 700-MHz IF input signal, with bandwidths of 40 or 125 MHz, to the transmit frequency of 7.9 to 8.4 GHz. The Army Heavy Terminal/ Medium Terminal (HT/ MT) modernization of the AN/ FSC-78/ 79 and AN/ GSC-39 Earth terminal will increase the total number of the uplink and downlink converters.
125 billion

GSC-49
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MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
Type of Service ...............50000KF9W (single-channel voice and FSK)
Frequency Range:
Transmit............... 7.29 to 8.4 GHz
Receive............... 7.25 to 7.75 GHz
Planning Range............... 6,093 km (10,000 mi)
Power Input............... 120/208 V AC, 50/60 Hz
Power Source............... Two generators (30 kW)
Power Output............... 3.2 kW max
Antenna............... System One quick-reaction, 8-ft parabolic
One 20-ft parabolic that can transmit multiple carriers
Set-up Time............... Approximately 1 hour to satellite acquisition
with small antenna; within 12 hours for large dish
jam-resistant secure communications
transportable terminals can be transported by truck, railroad, ship, and fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft
ecure voice and graphics conferencing, and Air Force tactical warning and attack assessment data transmission requirement.
123 BILLLION

FSC-52
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designed for use with the DSCS space segment. It is a high-capacity, high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) protected terminal that uses pseudo-monopulse scanning for operator-selectable manual tracking, memory tracking, or acquisition/ auto tracking of the satellite. The terminal consists of an antenna subsystem, a receive subsystem, a transmitter subsystem, and tracking/ servo subsystem. The antenna subsystem has a Cassegrain feed, 38-foot parabolic-reflector antenna, an elevation over azimuth pedestal, and a servodrive mechanism. Modems provide a 70 or 700-MHz IF to the up-converters whose RF outputs are combined into a single RF signal in the 7.9 to 8.4 GHz range with a bandwidth as wide as 500 MHz. The composite signal is amplified by the TWTA and fed, via waveguides, to the antenna subsystem. On the receive side, the antenna receives an RF signal at 7.25 to 7.75 GHz, amplifies the signal using LNAs and the interfacility amplifiers, and passes the signal to down-converters which provide a 70 or 700-MHz IF output to the modem.
125 BILLION

STAR-T
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SHF Tri-Band Advanced Range Extension Tactical Terminal
HMMWV mounted multichannel satellite terminal. It has a tri-band capability in the SHF range. The STAR-T terminal will operate over commercial and military SHF systems and will interface with both commercial and military switching systems. It will provide the required range extension for TRI-TAC systems at EAC and non-terrestrial communications connectivity between EAC and ECB.
operate over military and commercial SHF satellites and will provide range extension for both commercial and military switching systems. The terminal will provide data, imagery, and voice communications at various data rates up to total aggregate data rate of 8.192 Mb/s
Frequency Range:

3.9 GHz-6.2 GHz (C Band)
6.2 GHz-10.9 GHz (X Band)
15.25 GHz-17.25 GHz (Ku BAND)

Characteristics:

Four T-1 (1.54 Mb/s) circuits or four E-1 (2.048 Mb/s)
Circuits for a total aggregate of 8.192 M/bs
STAR-T will provide communications connectivity for split based operations between the theater and the sustaining base. DSCS SHF satellites will be used as much as possible to provide anti-jam protected links for all users. If current and future DSCS satellites cannot provide the total required throughput, then selected links will use commercial satellites to satisfy the requirement.
175 BILLION

Flyaway Tri-Band Satellite Terminal (FTSAT
Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) highly transportable tri-band (C-, X-, and KU- Band) satellite communication terminal, is capable of supporting a variety of worldwide missions.
is a 2.4 meter Tri-Band Satellite Terminal featuring easiness in setting-up/tearing-down and operation. It operates worldwide over DSCS II and III, NATO III and IV, INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, PANAMSAT and DOMSAT satellite systems.
The system is hub-independent for set-up, signal acquisition, and operation and inoperability with other systems.
provides high data rates based on frequency band, with local and/or Remote operation. The terminal is transported in an environmentally protected electronic operating cases.
200 billion

Integrated Terminal Program
# Provides interface to DSCS, Milstar, UFO/E, and commercial satellite constellations
# Leverages commercial technology
# Pursues multi-functional antenna technologies aboard ships for topside space, weight and radar cross section reduction
# Provides high-powered amplifier technology
# Applies common electronics and components
Supports high data rates required for intelligence, weather, live video, news and imagery
operate above 2 GHz
250 billion

lst-8000
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a portable/transit case TRI-BAND terminal that will give the user the capability of communicating over commercial satellites
This Tri-band system that will give the users the capability to access worldwide C, X, and Ku band Super High Frequency (SHF) satellites while still maintaining a high degree of portability, flexibility, and diversity to the community of military users. It provides secure SHF communications at C, Ku, and X Bands with automatic satellite tracking, supporting data rates up to 512 kbs in C-Band, 1.544 Mbs (T-1) in X-Band and -9.4 Mbs (E-2) in Ku band. It is compatible with multiple PBX, vocoder, faxes, and analog or digital devices for remote operation. This highly transportable system is portable in two-man transit cases with an aggregate burden of 720 pounds and 27 cubic feet.
500 million

Extremely High Freq. Terminals

Single Channel Anti-Jam Man-Portable (SCAMP) Terminal
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provides direct support to the tactical warfighter with greater anti-jam protection, lower probability of intercept and lower probability of detection. SCAMP is compatible with the Milstar waveform and interoperable with other terminals using the Milstar network.
EMP protected with a biological/chemical protected carrying case
will transmit and receive low rate data and voice in selectable point-to-point or broadcast modes. It will transmit in the EHF band and receive in the SHF band. It will also have paging capability
manpackable (12-15 pounds)
# Single channel
# EHF
# Anti-jam
# Low Probability of Intercept/Low Probability of Detection (LPI/LPD)
# Ruggedized
# 75-2400 bps Voice and Data (LDR)
# Embedded COMSEC/TRANSEC
# Area Common User System/Combat Net Radio Interface for range extension
# High-Altitude Electro Magnetic Pulse (HEMP) Survivability
# Bio Chemical Protected Case
# General Purpose User
# Block I = 37 lbs
# Block II = 12-15 lbs with paging capabilities
450 million

APMT
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The Asia Pacific Mobile Telecommunications Satellit
APMT is a regional mobile satellite project providing seamless mobile telecommunications services, through National Service Providers in each country,
a geostationary earth orbit satellite system and a network of ground gateway stations
services include voice telephony, facsimile and data transmission. Communication is via handheld, vehicular or fixed-site terminals. Frequent business travellers in the region are also expected to use APMT for roaming purposes.
400,000 subscribers
$400 million


Rocsat
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400-kg spacecraft
low altitude, low inclination orbit (600 km, 35 degrees)circular
# Spacecraft and Payload: 1.10 m (44 in.) dia. x 2.02 m (79.5 in.) long
# Solar Arrays: Two wings; 1.16 x 2.46 m (46 x 97 in.)
# Weight: 401 kg (882 lb)
# Electrical Power: 450 W
# Experimental Communication Payload (ECP): Relay Ka-band telecommunications
# Ionosphere Plasma Electrodynamics Instrument (IPEI): Measure the ionization of the earthís upper atmosphere in low and middle latitudes
# Ocean Color Imager (OCI): Collect data on visible and near-infrared radiances over low latitude oceans
Design Life: 4 years

Reliability: >0.9 at two years
Attitude Control

* 3-axis stabilized
* Pointing (3s)
* Control: 0.5 deg
* Knowledge: 0.1 deg
* Stability: 0.01 deg/sec

Communications

* S-band
* Uplink data rate: 2 kbps
* Downlink data rate: 1.4 mbps
* Data storage: 2 gb

Modular Design

* Payload module: hosts ECP, IPEI and OCI experiments and electronics
* Core module: provides spacecraft housekeeping functions
* Reaction control subsystem module: contains propulsion system for orbit trim capability
$450 million

ATDRS
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Advanced Tracking and Data Relay Satellite
provide communications coverage to satellites and manned vehicles in low Earth orbit.
Ku-Band communications services as the original TDRS vehicles, and will also add Ka-band links
Spacecraft
Based on Hughes HS-601 series bus, with modifications to meet NASA requirements. Upgraded attitude control system, telemetry and command system based on other government satellite systems. Deployable solar arrays provide 2040 W EOL.
Payload
Two Single Access (SA) antennas - each antenna is a lightweight 4.5 m steerable dish incorporating new springback reflector technology. Each dish can have simultaneous S/Ku- or S/Ka-band communications with a single user spacecraft. Maximum receive data rates through these antennas are 300 Mbps for Ku and Ka bands and 6 Mbps for S-band. Transmit data rates are 25 Mbps for Ku/Ka and 300 kbps for S-band. One Multiple Access (MA) S-band receive array - an electronically steerable phased array antenna consisting of patch antennas. The MA array can receive data from up to 5 user satellites simultaneously, with each link supporting up to 3 Mbps. One S-band transmit array - an electronically steerable phased array antenna consisting of patch antennas. This array can transmit data to a single user satellite at a rate of 300 kbps. One Space to Ground Link antenna (SGL) - a parabolic antenna operating at Ku-band that provides the communications link between the satellite and the ground. All customer data is sent through this dish, as are all regular TDRS command and telemetry signals. The antenna is gimballed on two axes.
Size 21 m x 14 m (deployed)
Must be launched on an atlas rocket
Orbit Geosynchronous
Design Life 15 years
$486.1M

The following are used almost solely for television broadcasts:

Television Satallites
Intelsat 5
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Spacecraft
3-axis stabilized to 0.5 deg using momentum wheels. Hydrazine propulsion system. Passive thermal control. Dual solar arrays provide 1800 W BOL, NiCd or NiH batteries.

Payload
21 C-Band and 4 Ku-Band transponders. 12000 voice circuits and 2 TV channels.
Size 1.7 m x 1.8 m x 2.0 m core structure, 15.9 m solar array span
nine spacecraft
Orbit F1: GEO over Atlantic then moved over Pacific / F2 : GEO over Atlantic / F3: GEO over Atlantic then moved over Pacific / F4: GEO over Indian Ocean / F5: GEO over Indian Ocean / F6: GEO over Atlantic / F7: GEO over Indian Ocean / F8: GEO over Indian Ocean / F9: 278 x 1111 km, incl. = 29.1 deg
Design Life 7 years
240 million per satallite

Intelsat 5A
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5 satallites added to the Intelsat 5 system
larger communications payload with internal weight savings to accommodate the additional mass
Spacecraft
3-axis stabilized to 0.4 deg with momentum wheels. Hydrazine propulsion system. Passive thermal control. Dual solar arrays provide 1800 W (BOL). Nickel hydrogen batteries.

Payload
26 C-Band and 6 Ku-Band transponders. 15000 voice circuits and 2 TV channels.
ize 1.6 x 2.1 x 2.8 m box, 15.9 m solar array span
Orbit F10: GEO over Pacific / F11: GEO over Indian Ocean / F12: GEO over Atlantic / F13: GEO over Atlantic / F15: GEO over Indian Ocean
Design Life 9 years
350 million


Intelsat 6
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employ Satellite Switched/Time Division Multiple Access (SS/TDMA) techniques.
Spacecraft
Based on Hughes 393 bus. Spin stabilized with despun antenna. Hydrazine propulsion system. Passive thermal control. Telescoping dual-cylinder structure with deployed antennas. Body mounted solar cells generate 2250 W (EOL). Solar drums are each about 6m tall.

Payload
38 (plus 12 backup) C-Band and 10 (plus 4 backup) Ku-Band transponders. 120,000 telephone calls and 3 color TV broadcasts simultaneously. SS/TDMA (Satellite-Switched Time Division Multiple Access) techniques used.
Size Cylinder: 11.8 m high, 3.6 m diameter
Orbit Geosynchronous
Design Life 13 years
500 million pwe satallite

Intelsat K
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Spacecraft
Based on GE 5000 series bus. 3-axis stabilized using magnetotorquers. Hydrazine propulsion system. Two large solar panels with 1-axis articulation provide 4800 W BOL. 4 50 Ahr NiH batteries.
Payload
16 Ku-band transponders which can be configured into 32 high quality television channels. Permits access from ground antennas 1.2 meters dia. and smaller.
Size Box structure
Orbit Geosynchronous over Atlantic
Design Life 10 years
20 billion


Intelsat 7
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Spacecraft
3-axis stabilized. Hydrazine propulsion system. Two large solar panels with 1-axis articulation provide 3900W BOL.
Payload
7: 26 C-Band and 10 Ku-Band transponders. 18,000 telephone calls and 3 color TV broadcasts simultaneously. Or up to 90,000 telephone circuits using digital circuit multiplication equipment (DCME). 7A: 26 C-Band and 14 Ku-Band transponders. 22,500 telephone calls and 3 color TV broadcasts simultaneously. Or up to 112,500 telephone circuits using DCME. Three independently steerable, high-powered, Ku-band spot beams. Independently steerable C-band spot beam coverage.
Size Box structure
Orbit Geosynchronous
Design Life 10-15 years
30 billion


Intelsat 8
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Spacecraft
3-axis stabilized. Two large solar panels with 1-axis articulation.

Payload
38 C-Band and 6 Ku-Band transponders. 22,000 telephone calls and 3 color TV broadcasts simultaneously. Or up to 112,500 telephone circuits using digital circuit multiplication equipment (DCME). Two independently steerable Ku-band spot beams. Interconnected operation between C- and Ku-bands.
Size Box structure
Orbit Geosynchronous
Design Life 14-17 years
50 billion

More television broadcast satellites.

Chinastar
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Spacecraft
Based on Lockheed-Martin A2100 series bus. 3-axis stabilized. Two large solar arrays.

Payload
18 operational C-Band channels with 45 W amplifiers. 16 Ku-Band channels with 85 W amplifiers. 4 Ku-Band channels at 135 watts.
Orbit Geosynchronous
Design Life 10+ years
100 million

Gorizont
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provide telephone, telegraph, and facsimile communications services, in addition to relaying TV and radio broadcasts. Gorizont also supports maritime and international communications.
Payload
Seven transponders. 260 GHz total bandwidth. 195 W total transponder power with EIRP of 28 to 38.5 dBW. Frequency bands: 6/4, 14/11, 1.6/1.5 GHz.
Orbit Geosynchronous
Design Life 3 years
250 million

Iridium
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constellation of 66 LEO spacecraft
Spacecraft
3-axis stabilized. Hydrazine propulsion system. Two solar panels with 1-axis articulation.

Payload
The system employs L-Band using FDMA/ TDMA to provide voice at 4.8 kbps and data at 2400 bps with 16 dB margin. Each satellite has 48 spot beams for Earth coverage and uses Ka-Band for crosslinks and ground commanding.
Size 13 m length, 4 m width
Orbit LEO, 780 km circular, 75 deg inclination, 6 planes of 11 satellites each
Design Life 8 years
10.6 million each

CommonSense
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provide global voice, fax, and message communications services to users equipped with portable handsets.
12 satellites (with two ground spares)
Spacecraft
Spacecraft will rotate attitude to remain focused on a service region. Solar power is 4600 W (EOL). The satellites will connect the user to a Ka-band ground station, where the call is routed into the normal telephone system. No satellite crosslinks are used in this constellation. Each region will have one ground station equipped with four 16.4 ft antennas. 10 - 11 stations are planned worldwide.

Payload
Channel capacity of each satellite: 3000 digital voice circuits at 4.8 kbps. Total beamwidth: 40 deg. provides coverage to regions 7400 km across. The beam is made up of 37 cells, each covering a 1100 km diameter circle. Power distribution will allow up to 25% of total satellite power to be concentrated in one cell, and 75% of the capacity could be focused on 10% of a region. Link margin is 6 to 10 dB. Each satellite has 37x25W bent-pipe S-Band transmitters (2486.42, 2491.75 and 2497.06 Mhz) with antenna gain of 25-30 dB from a 5.2 ft reflector. Handset transmitter power will be 0.5W with a hemispherical antenna pattern using L-Band uplink (1612.32, 1618.25 and 1623.58 Mhz). Each of the 6 channels (3 uplink and 3 downlink) are 5.5 Mhz wide. The L-Band signals are received by the S/C with an 8 ft reflector. Signals will use spread-spectrum CDMA.
Orbit MEO, 10350 km circular, 50 deg inclination, 4 S/C evenly spaced in each of three planes. Orbit period is 6 hours.
Design Life 15 years
1.8 billion total

Teledesic
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provide global communication links via a constellation of 288 LEO spacecraft. The system will provide "fiber-optic like" links to customers around the world. The system will act as a network operator and will support communications ranging from high-quality voice channels to broadband channels supporting videoconferencing, interactive multimedia and real-time two-way digital data flow
Spacecraft
3-axis stabilized. Large solar panel is articulated to remain sun pointing. Designed to be compatible with over 20 different launch vehicles to permit launch option flexibility.

Payload
The antenna footprint for each satellite is about 700 km. Large deployed phased array antenna.
Orbit LEO, 700 km circular, near polar (98.2 deg) sun synchronous. Initial rollout is slated to include 12 orbit planes with 24 spacecraft in each plane.
Design Life 10 years
The system will use Ka-band to send and receive signals from users. Each satellite acts as a node in a large-scale packet-switching network.
Total cost of the project is estimated at $9 billion.

Some of these sats also provide cell phone, fax, email and other telecommunications capabilities.

Hmm, interesting. However we do not get involed with Whitter Pact puppets, so no.

Hmm, interesting. However we do not get involed with Whitter Pact puppets, so no.
?