Universal Government
25-02-2004, 19:24
These are surplus military resource.
1. SSBN DELTA CLASS IV (PROJECT 667.BDRM) STRATEGIC MISSILE SUBMARINE, RUSSIA
The Russian Navy operates seven Delta IV class strategic missile submarines. The submarines operate in the Northern Fleet and are based at the Saida Guba Naval Base.
The submarines were built at the Severodvinsk Shipyard from 1981 to 1992. The first of class, K51, was commissioned in December 1985. In Russia, they are referred to as the Delfin or Dolphin class Project 667 submarines.
DESIGN
The submarine design is similar to that of Delta III (Project 667 BDR). The submarine constitutes a double-hulled configuration with missile silos housed in the inner hull.
The nose horizontal hydroplanes are arranged on the sail. They can rotate to the vertical for breaking through the ice cover. The operational diving depth of the submarine is 320m with a maximum depth of 400m. The propulsion system provides a run speed of 24 knots surfaced and 24 knots submerged. The submarine carries supplies for an endurance of 80 days. The surface of the submarine has an acoustic coating to reduce the acoustic signature.
MISSILES
The Delta IV submarines are strategic nuclear missile submarines designed to carry out strikes on military and industrial installations and naval bases. The submarine carries the RSM-54 Makeyev missile (NATO designation: SS-N-23 Skiff) submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). The RSM-54 is a three-stage liquid-propellant ballistic missile with a range of 8,300km. The warhead consists of four to ten multiple, independently targeted re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) each rated at 100kt. The missile uses stellar inertial guidance to provide a circle of equal probability (CEP) of 500m. The CEP value is a measure of the accuracy of strike on the target and is the radius of the circle within which half the strikes will impact.
The submarine is also capable of launching the Novator SS-N-15 Starfish anti-ship missile or Mk 40 anti-ship torpedoes. Starfish is armed with a 200kt nuclear warhead and has a range of up to 45km.
TORPEDOES
The submarine has four 533mm torpedo tubes capable of launching all types of torpedoes, including anti-submarine torpedoes and anti-hydroacoustic devices. The system is fitted with a rapid reloading torpedo system. The submarine can carry up to 18 missiles or torpedoes. All torpedoes are accommodated in the bow section of the hull.
ELECTRONIC WARFARE
The submarines' radar warning receiver is the Brick Pulp system. The optronic mast is the Brick Spit.
SENSORS
The Snoop Tray surface search radar operates at I-band.
The sonar suite includes the hull-mounted Shark Gill sonar, which operates at low and medium frequencies in active and passive search and attack mode. The Mouse Roar active attack sonar is hull mounted and operates at high frequency. The Shark Hide flank array sonar is a passive low-frequency system. A Pelamida towed array sonar provides a very low-frequency passive search capability. The dispenser for the thin-line towed array is visible on the after fin.
COMMUNICATIONS
The submarine has two floating VLF and ELF antenna buoys to receive radio messages, target designation data and satellite navigation signals while remaining at a safe depth.
PROPULSION
The Delta IV is nuclear-powered with two VM-4 pressure water reactors rated at 180MW. There are two turbines, type GT3A-365 rated at 27.5MW. The propulsion system drives two shafts with seven-bladed fixed-pitch propellers.
http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/delta/images/delta1s.jpg
Price : 1.5 Billion Each
2.
NIMITZ CLASS NUCLEAR POWERED AIRCRAFT CARRIERS, USA
The Nimitz Class aircraft carriers are the largest warships ever built. With over 6,000 personnel (crew and aircrew), the carrier has a displacement of 102,000t, and a flight deck length of 332.9m. All seven nuclear-powered Nimitz class carriers have been built by Newport News Shipbuilding (now Northrop Grumman Ship Systems), based in Virginia.
Tasked with a multi-mission attack/ASW role, the first of class, USS Nimitz, was commissioned in 1975. The latest, USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76), was commissioned in July 2003. Other hulls are: USS Dwight D Eisenhower (CVN 69), Oct 1977; USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70), Mar 1982; USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71), Oct 1986; USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72), Nov 1989; USS George Washington (CVN 73), Jul 1992; USS John C Stennis (CVN 74), Dec 1995; USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75) July 1998.
The keel for the tenth and last Nimitz Class, USS George H.W. Bush (CVN 77), was laid in September 2003 and the carrier will enter service in 2009. The vessel will have a modernised island house with new radar tower and transparent armour windows as well as upgraded navigation and communications systems. It will also have a new aircraft launch and recovery system and JP-5 fuel system for improved storage and handling of aircraft fuel. This will be the first transition ship to a new class of carriers (CVN 21), planned to start construction in 2007 and be delivered in 2014. Northrop Grumman Newport News will be the prime contractor for the program. CVN 21 will incorporate new technologies including a new multi-function radar system, volume search radar and open architecture information network and a significantly reduced crew requirement.
DESIGN
The more recent Nimitz Class carriers (CVN72-CVN76) have a displacement of 102,000t fully loaded. They have a length of 317m and beam of 40.8m. The carrier reaches a maximum speed of over 30 knots, and accommodates a complement of 3,184 personnel (with 203 officers); 2,800 aircrew (with 366 officers); and 70 flag (with 25 officers).
AIRCRAFT
The 50 TACAIR air wing includes the following fixed wing aircraft: 20 F-14D "Bomcats" (Tomcats with a strike role), 36 F/A-18 Hornets, 8 S-3A/B Vikings, 4 E-2C Hawkeyes, and 4 EA-6B Prowlers; and the following helicopters: 4 SH-60F and 2 HH-60H Seahawks. Air wings can be varied according to the nature of the operation: for example, in 1994, 50 army helicopters replaced the usual air wing on the USS Dwight D Eisenhower during operations off Haiti.
The flight deck measures 333 x 77m and is equipped with four lifts, four steam-driven catapults and four arrester wires. The carrier is capable of launching one aircraft every 20s.
MISSILES
The more recently built carriers are armed with three Raytheon GMLS Mk 29 eight-cell launchers for Nato Seasparrow surface-to-air missiles. Seasparrow has a range of 14.5km and semi-active radar terminal guidance. The carriers are also being fitted with the Raytheon RAM (Rolling Airframe) missile system, which provides short-range defence against incoming anti-ship missiles, including sea-skimming missiles.
GUNS
There are four Raytheon/General Dynamics 20mm Phalanx 6-barrelled Mk 15 close-in weapon systems which have a firing rate of 3,000 rounds/min and a range of 1.5km.
COUNTERMEASURES
Decoys include four Sippican SRBOC (Super Rapid Bloom Off-Board Chaff) 6-barrelled Mk 36 decoy launchers, which deploy infrared flares and chaff, SSTDS torpedo defence system and AN/SLQ-25 Nixie torpedo countermeasures system, from Sensytech Inc of Newington, Virginia.
The Raytheon AN/SLQ-32(V) electronic warfare system detects hostile radar emissions by two sets of antennae and the system analyses the pulse repetition rate, the scan mode, the scan period, and the frequency. The system identifies the threat and direction, provides a warning signal and interfaces to the ship's countermeasures systems.
COMBAT SYSTEMS
The carriers’ combat data systems are based around the Block 0 or 1 naval tactical and advanced combat direction system (ACDS) with communications Links 4A, 11, 14, and 16. Weapons control is managed by three Mk 91 Mod 1 MFCS directors for the Seasparrow missile. USS Nimitz is being fitted with the SSDS Mk2 Mod 0 ship self-defense system, developed by Raytheon. The SSDS will provide automated self-defence against anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs) by integrating and co-ordinating the ship’s weapon and electronic warfare systems.
USS Nimitz has also been fitted with the Lockheed Martin TIS (Tactical Input Segment) digital reconnaissance processing system, which can receive real-time imagery from airborne sensors.
SENSORS
Air search radars include the ITT SPS-48E 3-D, operating at E/F-band; Raytheon SPS49(V)5, C/D-band; and Raytheon Mk 23 TAS, D-band. Surface search radar is the Northrop Grumman Norden Systems SPS-67V, operating at G-band.
PROPULSION
The nuclear-powered carrier has two General Electric pressurised water reactors driving four turbines of 260,000hp (194MW) and four shafts. There are four emergency diesels of 10,720hp (8MW).
http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/nimitz/images/nimitz8s.jpg
Price : 150 Billion Each
3. VISBY CLASS CORVETTE, SWEDEN
The Visby Class of stealth corvettes is being built for the Swedish Navy by the Swedish company Kockums (a subsidiary of HDW of Germany). Construction began in 1996 at Kockums' Kalrskrona yard. The Visby (K31) was launched in June 2000 and was delivered to the FMV (the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration) in June 2002 to be fitted with weapons and combat systems. This will be followed by combat system trials and then operational trials with entry into service in January 2005. The second, HMS Helsingborg, was launched in June 2003. Five Visby class vessels are to be delivered to the Swedish Navy by 2007, which has an option on a sixth vessel.
The first four Visby corvettes for the Swedish Navy are for Mine Countermeasures (MCM) and Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW). The last vessel will be primarily for the attack and anti-surface warfare role. A helicopter, such as the AgustaWestland A109M selected by Sweden, can land, take off, and refuel on the upper deck. Preparation has been made for the installation of a hangar on the ship.
Kockums has signed a partnership agreement with Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, under which Kockums will join Northrop Grumman's team for the US Navy's Focused Mission Vessel Study for the design of the Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) element of the DD(X) future family of surface combatants. Northrop Grumman plans to use the Visby as the baseline for its proposal for the LCS. Up to 60 LCS vessels could be built for the USN.
DESIGN
The design of the Visby has been directed to minimising the optical and infra-red signature, above water acoustic and hydroacoustic signature, underwater electrical potential and magnetic signature, pressure signature, radar cross section and actively emitted signals. A stealth corvette of the YS 2000 design has a detection range of 13km in rough seas and 22km in calm sea without jamming. In a jammed environment, the Visby would be detected at a range of 8km in rough sea and 11km in calm sea.
The hull material is a sandwich construction comprising a PVC core with a carbon fibre and vinyl laminate. The material provides high strength and rigidity, low weight, good shock resistance, low radar and magnetic signature.
COMMAND AND CONTROL
The vessel's CETRIS C3 (command, control and communications) system consists of the SaabTech Vectronics (formerly CelsiusTech) 9LV Mk3E combat management system, the MAST decision support aid and the integrated communications system. The 9LV Mk 3 is based on open system architecture and uses the Windows NT operating system. The SaabTech CEROS 200 radar and optronic fire control system has been ordered for the Visby and will be fully integrated into the combat management system.
The communications system has a high capacity digital communications switch, developed by Danish company Maersk Data Defence (formerly Infocom) together with Karlskrona, which interconnects the voice and data communications channels. The system provides internal communications or open conference lines and access to external communications with various radio links and land-based networks.
MISSILES
Visby vessels will not initially be fitted with an air defence missile system, but could later be equipped with one, such as the Saab Bofors Dynamics Rb23 BAMSEA or Raytheon Evolved Seasparrow Missile.
The corvettes will be equipped with eight Saab Bofors Dynamics RBS 15 anti-ship missiles. The missiles will be installed below deck and be fired through special hatches to maintain the vessel's stealth. The missile's exhaust plumes will be managed in separate canals.
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
The Visby is equipped with a suite of ASW 127mm rocket powered grenade launchers, depth charges and torpedoes. There are three fixed 400mm torpedo tubes for Tp 45 anti-submarine homing torpedoes.
Saab Dynamics are developing the ALECTO multi-mission launcher to equip the Visby Class. The launcher will be able to dispense ASW weapons, torpedo countermeasures and chaff and infrared decoy rounds.
GUN
The Visby is equipped with a Bofors 57mm 70 SAK Mark III general purpose gun. The gun has a fully automatic loading system containing 120 rounds of ready-to-fire ammunition. The gun fires up to 220 rounds/minute to a maximum range of 17,000m.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES (MCM)
The Visby will carry Saab Bofors Underwater system ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) for mine hunting and the STN Atlas Elektronik Seafox ROV for mine disposal. The minehunting ROVs are a development of the Double Eagle Mk III.
The Visby corvettes will be fitted with the Hydra multi-sonar suite from Computing Devices Canada (CDC), which integrates data from a passive towed array sonar, dual frequency active variable depth sonar (VDS), hull-mounted sonar and the ROVs.
SENSORS
Ericsson's Sea Giraffe AMB 3D C-band multi-role radar provides air and surface surveillance and tracking and target indication to weapon systems. It features 3D agile multi-beam technology and can handle multiple threats up to 20,000m (65,000ft) at elevations up to 70°. ECCM (electronic counter countermeasures) capabilities include ultra-low antenna sidelobes and both frequency and code agility. The antenna has a rotation rate of 30rpm for surveillance and 60rpm for air defence.
There is also an I-band surface search and I/J band fire control radar.
COUNTERMEASURES
The CS-3701 Tactical Radar Surveillance System (TRSS) from EDO Reconnaissance & Surveillance Systems provides Electronic Support Measures (ESM) and Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) functions.
PROPULSION
The Visby is equipped with a combined diesel and gas (CODAG) turbine arrangement. Four TF 50 A gas turbines from Honeywell and two MTU 16V 2000 N90 diesel motors are connected to two gearboxes which run two Kamewa waterjet propulsors. The motors provide a maximum speed of 15 knots for long duration and 35 knots for short duration. The ship has rudders and bowthrusters for harbour manoeuvring.
http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/visby/images/Visby_1s.jpg
Price : 300 Million Each
4. DD(X) CLASS MULTIMISSION DESTROYER, USA
In November 2001, the US Department of Defense announced that the DD 21 program for the Future Surface Combatant had been revised and would now be known as DD(X). The program focus would now be on a family of advanced technology surface combatants, rather than a single ship class. A revised Request for Proposals was issued and in April 2002, Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, Ingalls was selected as the lead design agent for DD(X). Northrop Grumman led the "Gold Team" which included Raytheon Systems Company as the systems integrator. The "Gold team" proposal incorporates "Blue team" leader Bath Iron Works (a General Dynamics company) as a subcontractor for design and test activities. Other major subcontractors include Lockheed Martin, United Defense Limited Partnership (UDLP) and Boeing.
The DD(X) program will build on work already carried out for DD 21 and provide a foundation for development of the DD(X), the CG(X) cruiser and also the smaller Littoral Combat Ship (LCS), with emphasis on common hullform and technology. LCS is expected to be the first to enter service and the Navy requirement is for about 60 LCS ships.
Northrop Grumman is to complete DD(X) system design and 11 engineering development models (EDM) by 2005. Construction of the first ship is expected to begin in 2005. The EDMs include: advanced gun system, integrated power system, composite deckhouse, peripheral vertical launch system, integrated sonar system (with advanced towed array and high-frequency active sonar) and the dual band radar suite. A decommissioned Spruance Class destroyer (USS Arthur W Radford) will serve as the test platform for the DD(X). Initial operating capability is planned for 2013.The number of ships required is not yet defined.
DD(X) replaces the DD 21 Zumwalt program which was for a class of 32 multimission destroyers to replace Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates (FFG 7) and Spruance class destroyers (DD 963) from 2012. Unlike previous classes of destroyer, which were primarily to counter deep water threats, the DD 21's primary mission would be to provide land attack support for ground forces and also to carry out traditional destroyer missions of anti-air, anti-surface and undersea warfare.
DESIGN
DD(X) will have a "tumblehome" hull form, i.e. a design in which hull slopes inward from above the waterline. This will significantly reduce the radar cross section since such a slope returns a much less defined radar image rather than a more hard-angled hull form.
Requirements for the Integrated Deckhouse EDM is that it is fully EMC (Electromagetic Compatibility) shielded with reduced infrared and radar signatures. Measures to fulfil these conditions include an all-composite superstructure, low signature electronically steered arrays, an integrated multi-function mast and low radar and infrared signatures. Other measures to reduce the vessel's infrared signature include the development of an exhaust suppressor.
Harris Corporation has been awarded a contract for the development of the Common Data Link (CDL) X/Ku-band phased array antenna systems, which will be integrated into the Integrated Deckhouse Assembly. The multi-beam electronically-steered antenna will allow connectivity with up to eight CDL terminals.
The DD(X) is planned to have a displacement of around 12,000t, less than the 14,000t or more of the DD-21, with a sustained speed of around 30 knots.
CREW
The number of crew for DD(X) is yet to be defined. DD-21 was to have a crew of 95, including the helicopter detachment. This represented major theoretical cost saving compared to crew levels of 330 on Spruance destroyers and 200 on Oliver Hazard Perry frigates.
WEAPONS
DD(X) will have a sensor and weapons suite optimised for littoral warfare and for network centric warfare. Northrop Grumman has put forward a solution based on a Peripheral Vertical Launch System (PVLS). The solution consists of a number of four-cell PVLS situated round the perimeter of the deck, rather than the usual centrally located VLS. This would reduce the ship's vulnerability to a single hit. The Advanced Vertical Launch System (AVLS) that forms the basis of the PVLS is being developed by United Defense and Raytheon and has been designated the Mk 57 VLS.
Missile systems under consideration include Tactical Tomahawk (intended to succeed Tomahawk TLAM), Standard Missile SM-3 and the Evolved SeaSparrow Missile (ESSM) for air defence.
United Defense has been awarded the contract to develop the EDM for the ship's Advanced Gun System (AGS), building on development work carried out for DD-21. The vessel's two 155mm guns will be able to fire up to 100 nautical miles at a sustained rate of 12 rounds per minute. It will be equipped with a fully automated weapon handling and storage system and a family of advanced munitions and propelling charges, including the GPS-guided Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP). Lockheed Martin has been awarded the contract for the LRAP EDM. The family of munitions is expected to include land attack and ballistic projectiles. Technologies derived from the US Navy's extended range guided munition (ERGM), the US Army 155mm XM-982 projectiles and the DTRA 5in projectile are being studied for incorporation into the projectile suite.
United Defense is developing advanced gun barrel technologies for the new AGS, with improvements to barrel life, overall system performance and life cycle costs.
RADAR
The radar suite will consist of a dual band radar for horizon and volume search, an L-band volume search radar (VSR) integrated with the AN/SPY-3 multi-function radar already being developed by Raytheon for the US Navy. The two radars are to be integrated at waveform level for enhanced surveillance and tracking capability. The AN/SPY-3 Multi-Function Radar (MFR) is an X-band active phased-array radar designed to detect low-observable anti-ship cruise missiles and support fire-control illumination for the ESSM and Standard Missiles.
SONAR
At the heart of the ship's Integrated Undersea Warfare System will be a dual (high frequency/medium frequency) frequency bow array and a multi-function towed array. The US Navy has already set up the IUSW-21 program to develop technologies including multifunction hull array, mine avoidance and shallow water ASW.
AIRCRAFT
The DD(X) ship design includes two landing spots for helicopters.
PROPULSION
It is envisaged that the DD(X) would have an all-electric drive with an integrated power system, (IPS) based on in-hull permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMMs) with Advanced Induction Motors (AIM) as a possible backup solution. The provision of electric drive eliminates the need for drive shaft and reduction gears and brings benefits in acoustic signature reduction, an increase in available power for weapon systems and improvements in the quality of life for crew.
The IPS would supply power to other ship systems such as the combat systems and allow the rapid reconfiguration of power requirements.
DRS Technologies Power Technology unit has received development contracts for the PMM motors, electric drive and control system for the IPS. The Rolls-Royce MT30 36MW gas turbine generator set has been selected to power the IPS EDM. CAE will supply the Integrated Platform Management System.
http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/dd21/images/dd21_1s.jpg
5.INVINCIBLE CLASS AIRCRAFT CARRIERS, UNITED KINGDOM
The first-of-class HMS Invincible Aircraft Carrier was built by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (now BAE Systems Marine) at Barrow-in-Furness. The ship was commissioned in July 1980. The two sister ships HMS Illustrious and HMS Ark Royal, both built at the Swan Hunter Shipbuilders yard in Wallsend, were commissioned in 1982 and 1985.
The role of the 20,600t aircraft carrier is to provide a command headquarters for the task group and to support the operations of the short take off and vertical landing aircraft and helicopters. The ship accommodates over 1,000 crew, including 350 aircrew with 80 officers. It also has capacity for an additional 500 marines.
The vessels were armed with a Sea Dart twin launcher, installed on the forecastle of the ship near the ski ramp. However, the missile system has been removed from all three carriers and the flight deck extended, to provide more capacity for aircraft and enable take-off for RAF Harrier GR.7 aircraft. HMS Invincible completed a refit in March 2003. Illustrious is currently in refit at Babcock’s Rosyth yard.
In March/April 2003, HMS Ark Royal was deployed as part of the UK task force in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. On board were Merlin HMA1 and Sea King AEW7 helicopters, the first operational deployment of these aircraft.
COMMAND SYSTEMS
The combat data system is BAE SYSTEMS ADIMP with communication links Link 10, Link 11 and Link 14. Following refit, HMS Invincible has had the combat system upgraded to the same standard as Illustrious and Ark Royal, with new multi-function consoles and flat-panel colour displays. The secure satellite communications system, the Astrium (formerly Matra Marconi) SCOT, has the capacity to handle data rates up to 2Mb/s.
GUNS
HMS Ark Royal is armed with three Mark 15 Phalanx close-in weapon systems (CIWS) from Raytheon and General Dynamics. Each Phalanx CIWS has one 20mm M61A1 Vulcan Gatling-principle gun which fires 3,000 rounds/min at a range of 1.5km.
HMS Invincible and Illustrious each have three Thales Nederland (formerly Signaal) Goalkeeper CIWS. Goalkeeper's Gatling principle 30mm gun provides a maximum firing rate of 4,200 rounds/min with a range of 1,500m.
All three carriers are also equipped with two GAM-B01 20mm guns from Oerlikon-Contraves and BAE SYSTEMS, which have a maximum range of 2km and firing rate of 1,000 rounds/min.
COUNTERMEASURES
The Invincible class is fitted with the Thales Defence Type 675(2) jamming system and a UAT(8) electronic support measures system also supplied by Thales Defence (formerly Racal).
The ship's decoy system is the Royal Navy's Outfit DLJ with Sea Gnat. There are eight 130mm six-barrel launchers produced by Hunting Engineering. Chemring and Pains Wessex produce the Sea Gnat chaff and infra-red decoys.
AIRCRAFT
The ship supports nine Harrier aircraft (both the Royal Air Force GR7 Harrier II and the Royal Navy F/A2 Sea Harrier), nine Sea King HAS 6 antisubmarine warfare helicopters and three Sea King AEW 2 and AEW7 airborne early warning helicopters. Landing trials with the Merlin HM.1 helicopter have taken place on the Ark Royal, which is the first carrier to deploy the Merlin.
The runway is about 170m long with a ski ramp set at 12°. In the hangar deck the aircraft is tethered to the floor using securing chains with tension clamps. Strachan and Henshaw have been contracted to install a replacement aircraft carrier lift system.
SENSORS
The BAE SYSTEMS Type 909 G/H-band fire control radar, which provided target tracking and illumination for the Sea Dart missile, has been removed from the three carriers. BAE SYSTEMS Type 996 surface search radar antennae is mounted very high on the tower between the two funnels. HMS Ark Royal has Type 992. Both radars operate at E and F-bands. BAE SYSTEMS Type 1022 air search radar operates at D-band. HMS Invincible and Ark Royal are equipped with the Kelvin Hughes Type 1006 navigation radar and HMS Illustrious has the Type 1007, both operating at I-band.
Qinetiq has been awarded a contract to provide an advanced technology mast communications and radar mast for HMS Ark Royal. The sensors and antennas will be housed within the structure, protected from the environment. The mast is due to enter service in late 2005.
The sonar system is the hull-mounted Type 2016 active/passive search and attack sonar by Thales Underwater Systems (formerly Thomson Marconi Sonar).
PROPULSION
The ship is powered by COGAG (combined gas turbine and gas turbine), consisting of four Rolls Royce Olympus TM3B gas turbine engines generating 97,000hp, providing a speed of 28 knots. At the economical speed of 19 knots the range of the ship is 7000 miles.
http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/invincible/images/Invincible_new_12s.jpg
JSF (F35) JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER, INTERNATIONAL
The Joint Strike Fighter, the JSF, is being developed by Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company for the US Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps and the UK Royal Navy. The stealthy, supersonic multi-role fighter is to be designated the F-35. The JSF is being built in three variants: a conventional take-off and landing aircraft (CTOL) for the US Air Force; a carrier based variant (CV) for the US Navy; and a short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft for the US Marine Corps and the Royal Navy. A 70 – 90% commonality is required for all variants.
The requirement is for: USAF F-35A –air-to-ground strike aircraft, replacing F-16 and A-10, complementing F-22 (1763); USMC F-35B – STOVL strike fighter to replace F/A-18B/C and AV-8B (480); UK RN F-35C – STOVL strike fighter to replace Sea Harriers (60); US Navy F-35C – first-day-of-war strike fighter to replace F/A-18B/C and A-6, complementing the F/A-18E/F (480 aircraft). In January 2001, the UK MOD signed a memorandum of understanding to co-operate in the SDD (System Development and Demonstration) phase of JSF and, in September 2002, selected the STOVL variant to fulfil the Future Joint Combat Aircraft (FJCA) requirement. Following the contract award, other nations signed up to the SDD phase are: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Singapore and Turkey.
The Concept Demonstration Phase of the programme began in November 1996 with the award of contracts to two consortia, led by Boeing Aerospace and Lockheed Martin. The contracts involved the building of demonstrator aircraft for three different configurations of JSF, with one of the two consortia to be selected for the development and manufacture of all three variants.
In October 2001, an international team led by Lockheed Martin was awarded the contract to build JSF. An initial 22 aircraft (14 flying test aircraft and eight ground-test aircraft) will be built in the programs System Development and Demonstration (SDD) phase. Flight testing will be carried out at Edwards Air Force Base, California, and Naval Air Station, Patuxent River, Maryland. In April 2003, JSF completed a successful Preliminary Design Review (PDR). The first F-35 has begun airframe assembly and is scheduled for its first flight in 2005. The fighter is expected to enter service in 2008.
The Lockheed Martin JSF team includes Northrop Grumman, BAE Systems, Pratt and Whitney and Rolls-Royce. Final assembly of the aircraft will take place at Lockheed Martin's Fort Worth plant in Texas. Major subassemblies will be produced by Northrop Grumman Integrated Systems at El Segundo, California and BAE Systems at Samlesbury, Lancashire, England. BAE Systems is responsible for the design and integration of the aft fuselage, horizontal and vertical tails and the wing-fold mechanism for the CV variant, using experience from the Harrier STOVL programme.
DESIGN
In order to minimise the structural weight and complexity of assembly, the wingbox section integrates the wing and fuselage section into one piece. To minimise radar signature, sweep angles are identical for the leading and trailing edges of the wing and tail (planform alignment). The fuselage and canopy have sloping sides. The seam of the canopy and the weapon bay doors are sawtoothed and the vertical tails are canted at an angle.
The Marine variant of JSF is very similar to the Air Force variant, but with a slightly shorter range because some of the space used for fuel is used for the lift fan of the STOVL propulsion system. The main differences between the naval variant and the other versions of JSF are associated with the carrier operations. The internal structure of the naval version is very strong to withstand the high loading of catapult assisted launches and tailhook arrested landings. The aircraft has larger wing and tail control surfaces for low speed approaches for carrier landing. Larger leading edge flaps and foldable wingtip sections provide a larger wing area, which provides an increased range and payload capacity.
The canopy, radar and most of the avionics are common to the three variants.
WEAPONS
Weapons are carried in two parallel bays located in front of the landing gear. Each weapons bay is fitted with two hardpoints for carrying a range of bombs and missiles. Weapons to be cleared for internal carriage include: JDAM (Joint Direct Attack Munition), CBU-105 WCMD (Wind-Corrected Munitions Dispenser) for the Sensor-Fuzed Weapon, JSOW (Joint StandOff Weapon), Paveway II guided bombs, AIM-120C AMRAAM air-to-air missile; for external carriage: JASSM (Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile), AIM-9X Sidewinder and Storm Shadow cruise missile.
In September 2002, General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products was selected as the gun system integrator. The air force variant has an internally mounted gun. The Carrier and Marine variants can have an external gun pod fitted.
TARGETING
Lockheed Martin Missile & Fire Control and Northrop Grumman Electronic Sensors and Systems are jointly responsible for the JSF electro-optical system. A Lockheed Martin electro-optical targeting system (EOTS) will provide long-range detection and precision targeting, along with the Northrop Grumman DAS (Distributed Aperture System) thermal imaging system. EOTS will be based on the Sniper XL pod developed for the F-16, which incorporates a mid-wave third generation FLIR, dual mode laser, CCD TV, laser tracker and laser marker. BAE Systems Avionics in Edinburgh, Scotland will provide the laser systems. DAS consists of multiple infrared cameras (supplied by Indigo Systems of Goleta, California) providing 360º coverage using advanced signal conditioning algorithms. As well as situational awareness, DAS provides navigation, missile warning and infrared search and track (IRST). EOTS is embedded under the aircraft’s nose, and DAS sensors are fitted at multiple locations on the aircraft.
RADAR
Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems is developing the advanced electronically scanned array (AESA) multi-function radar. The AESA will combine an integrated radio frequency subsystem with a multifunction array. The radar system will also incorporate the agile beam steering capabilities developed for the APG-77.
COUNTERMEASURES
BAE Systems North America will be responsible for the JSF integrated electronic warfare suite, which will be installed internally and have some subsystems from Northrop Grumman. BAE is developing a new digital radar warning receiver for the F-35.
AVIONICS SYSTEMS
The following will supply the F-35 avionics systems: BAE Systems Avionics - side stick and throttle controls; Vision Systems International (a partnership between Kaiser Electronics and Elbit of Israel) - advanced helmet-mounted display; Ball Aerospace - Communications, Navigation and Integration (CNI) integrated body antenna suite (one S-band, two UHF, two radar altimeter, three L-band antennas per aircraft); Harris Corporation - advanced avionics systems, infrastructure, image processing, digital map software, fibre optics, high speed communications links and part of the Communications, Navigation and Information (CNI) System; Honeywell - radar altimeter, inertial navigation/global positioning system (INS/GPS) and air data transducers; Raytheon - 24-channel GPS (Global Positioning System) with digital anti-jam receiver (DAR).
SYSTEMS
Other suppliers will include: ATK Composites - upper wing skins; Vought Aircraft Industries - lower wing skins; Smiths Aerospace - electronic control systems and electrical power system (with Hamilton Sundstrand), integrated canopy frame; Honeywell - landing system's wheels and brakes, onboard oxygen-generating system (OBOGS), engine components, power and thermal management system driven by integrated auxiliary power unit (APU); Parker Aerospace - fuel system, hydraulics for lift fan, primary flight control electrohydrostatic actuators (with Moog Inc), engine controls and accessories; EDO Corporation - pneumatic weapon delivery system; Goodrich - lift-fan anti-icing system; Stork Aerospace - electrical wiring.
PROPULSION
Early production lots of all three variants will be powered by the Pratt and Whitney afterburning turbofan F-135 engine, a derivative of the F119 fitted on the F-22. Following production aircraft will be powered by either the F135 or the F-136 turbofan being developed by General Electric and Rolls-Royce. Hamilton Sundstrand is providing the engine control system and gearbox.
On the F-35B, the engine is coupled with a shaft-driven lift fan system for STOVL propulsion. The lift fan has been developed by Rolls-Royce Defence. Doors installed above and below the vertical fan open as the fin spins up to provide vertical lift. The main engine has a three bearing swivelling exhaust nozzle. The nozzle, which is supplemented by two roll control ducts on the inboard section of the wing, together with the vertical lift fan provide the required STOVL capability.
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Price : 500 Million
Tunguska-M1 is a gun/missile system for low-level air defence. The system was designed by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau in Tula, Russia and is manufactured by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant, Ulyanovsk, Russia. It can engage targets while stationary and on the move, using missiles for long-range targets and guns for close-in defence. It is designed for defence against both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters and can also fire on ground targets.
Tunguska entered service with the Russian army in 1988 and has been exported to Germany, India, Peru and Ukraine.
ARMAMENT
The Tunguska-M1 vehicle carries eight 9M311-M1 surface-to-air missiles. The missile (NATO designation SA-19 Grison) has semi-automatic radar command to line-of-sight guidance, weighs 40kg with a 9kg warhead. It is 2.5m long with a diameter of 1.7m and wingspan of 2.2m. The missile's maximum speed is 900m/s and can engage targets travelling at speeds up to 500m/s. Range is from 15 to 6,000m for ground targets and 15 to 10,000m for air targets.
Two twin-barrel 30mm anti-aircraft guns are mounted on the vehicle. These guns have a maximum firing rate of 5,000 rounds per minute and a range of 3,000m against air targets. This extends to 4,000m against ground targets.
FIRE CONTROL
The system has target acquisition radar and target tracking radar, optical sight, digital computing system, tilt angle measuring system and navigation equipment. Radar detection range is 18km and tracking range is 16km.
VEHICLE
The Tunguska-M1 system is mounted on a 34t tracked vehicle with multi-fuel engine. It has hydromechanical transmission, hydropneumatic suspension which allows for changing road clearance and hydraulic track-tensioning. The armoured turret has both laying and stabilisation drives and power supply. Air-conditioning, heating and filtration systems are fitted.
A Tunguska-M1 battery is composed of up to six vehicles and will also include a transloader as well as maintenance and training facilities.
The armoured turret has both laying and stabilisation drives and power supply. Air-conditioning, heating and filtration systems are fitted. A Tunguska-M1 battery is composed of up to six vehicles and will also include a transloader as well as maintenance and training facilities.
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Price : 50 Million Each
1. SSBN DELTA CLASS IV (PROJECT 667.BDRM) STRATEGIC MISSILE SUBMARINE, RUSSIA
The Russian Navy operates seven Delta IV class strategic missile submarines. The submarines operate in the Northern Fleet and are based at the Saida Guba Naval Base.
The submarines were built at the Severodvinsk Shipyard from 1981 to 1992. The first of class, K51, was commissioned in December 1985. In Russia, they are referred to as the Delfin or Dolphin class Project 667 submarines.
DESIGN
The submarine design is similar to that of Delta III (Project 667 BDR). The submarine constitutes a double-hulled configuration with missile silos housed in the inner hull.
The nose horizontal hydroplanes are arranged on the sail. They can rotate to the vertical for breaking through the ice cover. The operational diving depth of the submarine is 320m with a maximum depth of 400m. The propulsion system provides a run speed of 24 knots surfaced and 24 knots submerged. The submarine carries supplies for an endurance of 80 days. The surface of the submarine has an acoustic coating to reduce the acoustic signature.
MISSILES
The Delta IV submarines are strategic nuclear missile submarines designed to carry out strikes on military and industrial installations and naval bases. The submarine carries the RSM-54 Makeyev missile (NATO designation: SS-N-23 Skiff) submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). The RSM-54 is a three-stage liquid-propellant ballistic missile with a range of 8,300km. The warhead consists of four to ten multiple, independently targeted re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) each rated at 100kt. The missile uses stellar inertial guidance to provide a circle of equal probability (CEP) of 500m. The CEP value is a measure of the accuracy of strike on the target and is the radius of the circle within which half the strikes will impact.
The submarine is also capable of launching the Novator SS-N-15 Starfish anti-ship missile or Mk 40 anti-ship torpedoes. Starfish is armed with a 200kt nuclear warhead and has a range of up to 45km.
TORPEDOES
The submarine has four 533mm torpedo tubes capable of launching all types of torpedoes, including anti-submarine torpedoes and anti-hydroacoustic devices. The system is fitted with a rapid reloading torpedo system. The submarine can carry up to 18 missiles or torpedoes. All torpedoes are accommodated in the bow section of the hull.
ELECTRONIC WARFARE
The submarines' radar warning receiver is the Brick Pulp system. The optronic mast is the Brick Spit.
SENSORS
The Snoop Tray surface search radar operates at I-band.
The sonar suite includes the hull-mounted Shark Gill sonar, which operates at low and medium frequencies in active and passive search and attack mode. The Mouse Roar active attack sonar is hull mounted and operates at high frequency. The Shark Hide flank array sonar is a passive low-frequency system. A Pelamida towed array sonar provides a very low-frequency passive search capability. The dispenser for the thin-line towed array is visible on the after fin.
COMMUNICATIONS
The submarine has two floating VLF and ELF antenna buoys to receive radio messages, target designation data and satellite navigation signals while remaining at a safe depth.
PROPULSION
The Delta IV is nuclear-powered with two VM-4 pressure water reactors rated at 180MW. There are two turbines, type GT3A-365 rated at 27.5MW. The propulsion system drives two shafts with seven-bladed fixed-pitch propellers.
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Price : 1.5 Billion Each
2.
NIMITZ CLASS NUCLEAR POWERED AIRCRAFT CARRIERS, USA
The Nimitz Class aircraft carriers are the largest warships ever built. With over 6,000 personnel (crew and aircrew), the carrier has a displacement of 102,000t, and a flight deck length of 332.9m. All seven nuclear-powered Nimitz class carriers have been built by Newport News Shipbuilding (now Northrop Grumman Ship Systems), based in Virginia.
Tasked with a multi-mission attack/ASW role, the first of class, USS Nimitz, was commissioned in 1975. The latest, USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76), was commissioned in July 2003. Other hulls are: USS Dwight D Eisenhower (CVN 69), Oct 1977; USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70), Mar 1982; USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71), Oct 1986; USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72), Nov 1989; USS George Washington (CVN 73), Jul 1992; USS John C Stennis (CVN 74), Dec 1995; USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75) July 1998.
The keel for the tenth and last Nimitz Class, USS George H.W. Bush (CVN 77), was laid in September 2003 and the carrier will enter service in 2009. The vessel will have a modernised island house with new radar tower and transparent armour windows as well as upgraded navigation and communications systems. It will also have a new aircraft launch and recovery system and JP-5 fuel system for improved storage and handling of aircraft fuel. This will be the first transition ship to a new class of carriers (CVN 21), planned to start construction in 2007 and be delivered in 2014. Northrop Grumman Newport News will be the prime contractor for the program. CVN 21 will incorporate new technologies including a new multi-function radar system, volume search radar and open architecture information network and a significantly reduced crew requirement.
DESIGN
The more recent Nimitz Class carriers (CVN72-CVN76) have a displacement of 102,000t fully loaded. They have a length of 317m and beam of 40.8m. The carrier reaches a maximum speed of over 30 knots, and accommodates a complement of 3,184 personnel (with 203 officers); 2,800 aircrew (with 366 officers); and 70 flag (with 25 officers).
AIRCRAFT
The 50 TACAIR air wing includes the following fixed wing aircraft: 20 F-14D "Bomcats" (Tomcats with a strike role), 36 F/A-18 Hornets, 8 S-3A/B Vikings, 4 E-2C Hawkeyes, and 4 EA-6B Prowlers; and the following helicopters: 4 SH-60F and 2 HH-60H Seahawks. Air wings can be varied according to the nature of the operation: for example, in 1994, 50 army helicopters replaced the usual air wing on the USS Dwight D Eisenhower during operations off Haiti.
The flight deck measures 333 x 77m and is equipped with four lifts, four steam-driven catapults and four arrester wires. The carrier is capable of launching one aircraft every 20s.
MISSILES
The more recently built carriers are armed with three Raytheon GMLS Mk 29 eight-cell launchers for Nato Seasparrow surface-to-air missiles. Seasparrow has a range of 14.5km and semi-active radar terminal guidance. The carriers are also being fitted with the Raytheon RAM (Rolling Airframe) missile system, which provides short-range defence against incoming anti-ship missiles, including sea-skimming missiles.
GUNS
There are four Raytheon/General Dynamics 20mm Phalanx 6-barrelled Mk 15 close-in weapon systems which have a firing rate of 3,000 rounds/min and a range of 1.5km.
COUNTERMEASURES
Decoys include four Sippican SRBOC (Super Rapid Bloom Off-Board Chaff) 6-barrelled Mk 36 decoy launchers, which deploy infrared flares and chaff, SSTDS torpedo defence system and AN/SLQ-25 Nixie torpedo countermeasures system, from Sensytech Inc of Newington, Virginia.
The Raytheon AN/SLQ-32(V) electronic warfare system detects hostile radar emissions by two sets of antennae and the system analyses the pulse repetition rate, the scan mode, the scan period, and the frequency. The system identifies the threat and direction, provides a warning signal and interfaces to the ship's countermeasures systems.
COMBAT SYSTEMS
The carriers’ combat data systems are based around the Block 0 or 1 naval tactical and advanced combat direction system (ACDS) with communications Links 4A, 11, 14, and 16. Weapons control is managed by three Mk 91 Mod 1 MFCS directors for the Seasparrow missile. USS Nimitz is being fitted with the SSDS Mk2 Mod 0 ship self-defense system, developed by Raytheon. The SSDS will provide automated self-defence against anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs) by integrating and co-ordinating the ship’s weapon and electronic warfare systems.
USS Nimitz has also been fitted with the Lockheed Martin TIS (Tactical Input Segment) digital reconnaissance processing system, which can receive real-time imagery from airborne sensors.
SENSORS
Air search radars include the ITT SPS-48E 3-D, operating at E/F-band; Raytheon SPS49(V)5, C/D-band; and Raytheon Mk 23 TAS, D-band. Surface search radar is the Northrop Grumman Norden Systems SPS-67V, operating at G-band.
PROPULSION
The nuclear-powered carrier has two General Electric pressurised water reactors driving four turbines of 260,000hp (194MW) and four shafts. There are four emergency diesels of 10,720hp (8MW).
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Price : 150 Billion Each
3. VISBY CLASS CORVETTE, SWEDEN
The Visby Class of stealth corvettes is being built for the Swedish Navy by the Swedish company Kockums (a subsidiary of HDW of Germany). Construction began in 1996 at Kockums' Kalrskrona yard. The Visby (K31) was launched in June 2000 and was delivered to the FMV (the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration) in June 2002 to be fitted with weapons and combat systems. This will be followed by combat system trials and then operational trials with entry into service in January 2005. The second, HMS Helsingborg, was launched in June 2003. Five Visby class vessels are to be delivered to the Swedish Navy by 2007, which has an option on a sixth vessel.
The first four Visby corvettes for the Swedish Navy are for Mine Countermeasures (MCM) and Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW). The last vessel will be primarily for the attack and anti-surface warfare role. A helicopter, such as the AgustaWestland A109M selected by Sweden, can land, take off, and refuel on the upper deck. Preparation has been made for the installation of a hangar on the ship.
Kockums has signed a partnership agreement with Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, under which Kockums will join Northrop Grumman's team for the US Navy's Focused Mission Vessel Study for the design of the Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) element of the DD(X) future family of surface combatants. Northrop Grumman plans to use the Visby as the baseline for its proposal for the LCS. Up to 60 LCS vessels could be built for the USN.
DESIGN
The design of the Visby has been directed to minimising the optical and infra-red signature, above water acoustic and hydroacoustic signature, underwater electrical potential and magnetic signature, pressure signature, radar cross section and actively emitted signals. A stealth corvette of the YS 2000 design has a detection range of 13km in rough seas and 22km in calm sea without jamming. In a jammed environment, the Visby would be detected at a range of 8km in rough sea and 11km in calm sea.
The hull material is a sandwich construction comprising a PVC core with a carbon fibre and vinyl laminate. The material provides high strength and rigidity, low weight, good shock resistance, low radar and magnetic signature.
COMMAND AND CONTROL
The vessel's CETRIS C3 (command, control and communications) system consists of the SaabTech Vectronics (formerly CelsiusTech) 9LV Mk3E combat management system, the MAST decision support aid and the integrated communications system. The 9LV Mk 3 is based on open system architecture and uses the Windows NT operating system. The SaabTech CEROS 200 radar and optronic fire control system has been ordered for the Visby and will be fully integrated into the combat management system.
The communications system has a high capacity digital communications switch, developed by Danish company Maersk Data Defence (formerly Infocom) together with Karlskrona, which interconnects the voice and data communications channels. The system provides internal communications or open conference lines and access to external communications with various radio links and land-based networks.
MISSILES
Visby vessels will not initially be fitted with an air defence missile system, but could later be equipped with one, such as the Saab Bofors Dynamics Rb23 BAMSEA or Raytheon Evolved Seasparrow Missile.
The corvettes will be equipped with eight Saab Bofors Dynamics RBS 15 anti-ship missiles. The missiles will be installed below deck and be fired through special hatches to maintain the vessel's stealth. The missile's exhaust plumes will be managed in separate canals.
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
The Visby is equipped with a suite of ASW 127mm rocket powered grenade launchers, depth charges and torpedoes. There are three fixed 400mm torpedo tubes for Tp 45 anti-submarine homing torpedoes.
Saab Dynamics are developing the ALECTO multi-mission launcher to equip the Visby Class. The launcher will be able to dispense ASW weapons, torpedo countermeasures and chaff and infrared decoy rounds.
GUN
The Visby is equipped with a Bofors 57mm 70 SAK Mark III general purpose gun. The gun has a fully automatic loading system containing 120 rounds of ready-to-fire ammunition. The gun fires up to 220 rounds/minute to a maximum range of 17,000m.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES (MCM)
The Visby will carry Saab Bofors Underwater system ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) for mine hunting and the STN Atlas Elektronik Seafox ROV for mine disposal. The minehunting ROVs are a development of the Double Eagle Mk III.
The Visby corvettes will be fitted with the Hydra multi-sonar suite from Computing Devices Canada (CDC), which integrates data from a passive towed array sonar, dual frequency active variable depth sonar (VDS), hull-mounted sonar and the ROVs.
SENSORS
Ericsson's Sea Giraffe AMB 3D C-band multi-role radar provides air and surface surveillance and tracking and target indication to weapon systems. It features 3D agile multi-beam technology and can handle multiple threats up to 20,000m (65,000ft) at elevations up to 70°. ECCM (electronic counter countermeasures) capabilities include ultra-low antenna sidelobes and both frequency and code agility. The antenna has a rotation rate of 30rpm for surveillance and 60rpm for air defence.
There is also an I-band surface search and I/J band fire control radar.
COUNTERMEASURES
The CS-3701 Tactical Radar Surveillance System (TRSS) from EDO Reconnaissance & Surveillance Systems provides Electronic Support Measures (ESM) and Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) functions.
PROPULSION
The Visby is equipped with a combined diesel and gas (CODAG) turbine arrangement. Four TF 50 A gas turbines from Honeywell and two MTU 16V 2000 N90 diesel motors are connected to two gearboxes which run two Kamewa waterjet propulsors. The motors provide a maximum speed of 15 knots for long duration and 35 knots for short duration. The ship has rudders and bowthrusters for harbour manoeuvring.
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Price : 300 Million Each
4. DD(X) CLASS MULTIMISSION DESTROYER, USA
In November 2001, the US Department of Defense announced that the DD 21 program for the Future Surface Combatant had been revised and would now be known as DD(X). The program focus would now be on a family of advanced technology surface combatants, rather than a single ship class. A revised Request for Proposals was issued and in April 2002, Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, Ingalls was selected as the lead design agent for DD(X). Northrop Grumman led the "Gold Team" which included Raytheon Systems Company as the systems integrator. The "Gold team" proposal incorporates "Blue team" leader Bath Iron Works (a General Dynamics company) as a subcontractor for design and test activities. Other major subcontractors include Lockheed Martin, United Defense Limited Partnership (UDLP) and Boeing.
The DD(X) program will build on work already carried out for DD 21 and provide a foundation for development of the DD(X), the CG(X) cruiser and also the smaller Littoral Combat Ship (LCS), with emphasis on common hullform and technology. LCS is expected to be the first to enter service and the Navy requirement is for about 60 LCS ships.
Northrop Grumman is to complete DD(X) system design and 11 engineering development models (EDM) by 2005. Construction of the first ship is expected to begin in 2005. The EDMs include: advanced gun system, integrated power system, composite deckhouse, peripheral vertical launch system, integrated sonar system (with advanced towed array and high-frequency active sonar) and the dual band radar suite. A decommissioned Spruance Class destroyer (USS Arthur W Radford) will serve as the test platform for the DD(X). Initial operating capability is planned for 2013.The number of ships required is not yet defined.
DD(X) replaces the DD 21 Zumwalt program which was for a class of 32 multimission destroyers to replace Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates (FFG 7) and Spruance class destroyers (DD 963) from 2012. Unlike previous classes of destroyer, which were primarily to counter deep water threats, the DD 21's primary mission would be to provide land attack support for ground forces and also to carry out traditional destroyer missions of anti-air, anti-surface and undersea warfare.
DESIGN
DD(X) will have a "tumblehome" hull form, i.e. a design in which hull slopes inward from above the waterline. This will significantly reduce the radar cross section since such a slope returns a much less defined radar image rather than a more hard-angled hull form.
Requirements for the Integrated Deckhouse EDM is that it is fully EMC (Electromagetic Compatibility) shielded with reduced infrared and radar signatures. Measures to fulfil these conditions include an all-composite superstructure, low signature electronically steered arrays, an integrated multi-function mast and low radar and infrared signatures. Other measures to reduce the vessel's infrared signature include the development of an exhaust suppressor.
Harris Corporation has been awarded a contract for the development of the Common Data Link (CDL) X/Ku-band phased array antenna systems, which will be integrated into the Integrated Deckhouse Assembly. The multi-beam electronically-steered antenna will allow connectivity with up to eight CDL terminals.
The DD(X) is planned to have a displacement of around 12,000t, less than the 14,000t or more of the DD-21, with a sustained speed of around 30 knots.
CREW
The number of crew for DD(X) is yet to be defined. DD-21 was to have a crew of 95, including the helicopter detachment. This represented major theoretical cost saving compared to crew levels of 330 on Spruance destroyers and 200 on Oliver Hazard Perry frigates.
WEAPONS
DD(X) will have a sensor and weapons suite optimised for littoral warfare and for network centric warfare. Northrop Grumman has put forward a solution based on a Peripheral Vertical Launch System (PVLS). The solution consists of a number of four-cell PVLS situated round the perimeter of the deck, rather than the usual centrally located VLS. This would reduce the ship's vulnerability to a single hit. The Advanced Vertical Launch System (AVLS) that forms the basis of the PVLS is being developed by United Defense and Raytheon and has been designated the Mk 57 VLS.
Missile systems under consideration include Tactical Tomahawk (intended to succeed Tomahawk TLAM), Standard Missile SM-3 and the Evolved SeaSparrow Missile (ESSM) for air defence.
United Defense has been awarded the contract to develop the EDM for the ship's Advanced Gun System (AGS), building on development work carried out for DD-21. The vessel's two 155mm guns will be able to fire up to 100 nautical miles at a sustained rate of 12 rounds per minute. It will be equipped with a fully automated weapon handling and storage system and a family of advanced munitions and propelling charges, including the GPS-guided Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP). Lockheed Martin has been awarded the contract for the LRAP EDM. The family of munitions is expected to include land attack and ballistic projectiles. Technologies derived from the US Navy's extended range guided munition (ERGM), the US Army 155mm XM-982 projectiles and the DTRA 5in projectile are being studied for incorporation into the projectile suite.
United Defense is developing advanced gun barrel technologies for the new AGS, with improvements to barrel life, overall system performance and life cycle costs.
RADAR
The radar suite will consist of a dual band radar for horizon and volume search, an L-band volume search radar (VSR) integrated with the AN/SPY-3 multi-function radar already being developed by Raytheon for the US Navy. The two radars are to be integrated at waveform level for enhanced surveillance and tracking capability. The AN/SPY-3 Multi-Function Radar (MFR) is an X-band active phased-array radar designed to detect low-observable anti-ship cruise missiles and support fire-control illumination for the ESSM and Standard Missiles.
SONAR
At the heart of the ship's Integrated Undersea Warfare System will be a dual (high frequency/medium frequency) frequency bow array and a multi-function towed array. The US Navy has already set up the IUSW-21 program to develop technologies including multifunction hull array, mine avoidance and shallow water ASW.
AIRCRAFT
The DD(X) ship design includes two landing spots for helicopters.
PROPULSION
It is envisaged that the DD(X) would have an all-electric drive with an integrated power system, (IPS) based on in-hull permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMMs) with Advanced Induction Motors (AIM) as a possible backup solution. The provision of electric drive eliminates the need for drive shaft and reduction gears and brings benefits in acoustic signature reduction, an increase in available power for weapon systems and improvements in the quality of life for crew.
The IPS would supply power to other ship systems such as the combat systems and allow the rapid reconfiguration of power requirements.
DRS Technologies Power Technology unit has received development contracts for the PMM motors, electric drive and control system for the IPS. The Rolls-Royce MT30 36MW gas turbine generator set has been selected to power the IPS EDM. CAE will supply the Integrated Platform Management System.
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5.INVINCIBLE CLASS AIRCRAFT CARRIERS, UNITED KINGDOM
The first-of-class HMS Invincible Aircraft Carrier was built by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (now BAE Systems Marine) at Barrow-in-Furness. The ship was commissioned in July 1980. The two sister ships HMS Illustrious and HMS Ark Royal, both built at the Swan Hunter Shipbuilders yard in Wallsend, were commissioned in 1982 and 1985.
The role of the 20,600t aircraft carrier is to provide a command headquarters for the task group and to support the operations of the short take off and vertical landing aircraft and helicopters. The ship accommodates over 1,000 crew, including 350 aircrew with 80 officers. It also has capacity for an additional 500 marines.
The vessels were armed with a Sea Dart twin launcher, installed on the forecastle of the ship near the ski ramp. However, the missile system has been removed from all three carriers and the flight deck extended, to provide more capacity for aircraft and enable take-off for RAF Harrier GR.7 aircraft. HMS Invincible completed a refit in March 2003. Illustrious is currently in refit at Babcock’s Rosyth yard.
In March/April 2003, HMS Ark Royal was deployed as part of the UK task force in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. On board were Merlin HMA1 and Sea King AEW7 helicopters, the first operational deployment of these aircraft.
COMMAND SYSTEMS
The combat data system is BAE SYSTEMS ADIMP with communication links Link 10, Link 11 and Link 14. Following refit, HMS Invincible has had the combat system upgraded to the same standard as Illustrious and Ark Royal, with new multi-function consoles and flat-panel colour displays. The secure satellite communications system, the Astrium (formerly Matra Marconi) SCOT, has the capacity to handle data rates up to 2Mb/s.
GUNS
HMS Ark Royal is armed with three Mark 15 Phalanx close-in weapon systems (CIWS) from Raytheon and General Dynamics. Each Phalanx CIWS has one 20mm M61A1 Vulcan Gatling-principle gun which fires 3,000 rounds/min at a range of 1.5km.
HMS Invincible and Illustrious each have three Thales Nederland (formerly Signaal) Goalkeeper CIWS. Goalkeeper's Gatling principle 30mm gun provides a maximum firing rate of 4,200 rounds/min with a range of 1,500m.
All three carriers are also equipped with two GAM-B01 20mm guns from Oerlikon-Contraves and BAE SYSTEMS, which have a maximum range of 2km and firing rate of 1,000 rounds/min.
COUNTERMEASURES
The Invincible class is fitted with the Thales Defence Type 675(2) jamming system and a UAT(8) electronic support measures system also supplied by Thales Defence (formerly Racal).
The ship's decoy system is the Royal Navy's Outfit DLJ with Sea Gnat. There are eight 130mm six-barrel launchers produced by Hunting Engineering. Chemring and Pains Wessex produce the Sea Gnat chaff and infra-red decoys.
AIRCRAFT
The ship supports nine Harrier aircraft (both the Royal Air Force GR7 Harrier II and the Royal Navy F/A2 Sea Harrier), nine Sea King HAS 6 antisubmarine warfare helicopters and three Sea King AEW 2 and AEW7 airborne early warning helicopters. Landing trials with the Merlin HM.1 helicopter have taken place on the Ark Royal, which is the first carrier to deploy the Merlin.
The runway is about 170m long with a ski ramp set at 12°. In the hangar deck the aircraft is tethered to the floor using securing chains with tension clamps. Strachan and Henshaw have been contracted to install a replacement aircraft carrier lift system.
SENSORS
The BAE SYSTEMS Type 909 G/H-band fire control radar, which provided target tracking and illumination for the Sea Dart missile, has been removed from the three carriers. BAE SYSTEMS Type 996 surface search radar antennae is mounted very high on the tower between the two funnels. HMS Ark Royal has Type 992. Both radars operate at E and F-bands. BAE SYSTEMS Type 1022 air search radar operates at D-band. HMS Invincible and Ark Royal are equipped with the Kelvin Hughes Type 1006 navigation radar and HMS Illustrious has the Type 1007, both operating at I-band.
Qinetiq has been awarded a contract to provide an advanced technology mast communications and radar mast for HMS Ark Royal. The sensors and antennas will be housed within the structure, protected from the environment. The mast is due to enter service in late 2005.
The sonar system is the hull-mounted Type 2016 active/passive search and attack sonar by Thales Underwater Systems (formerly Thomson Marconi Sonar).
PROPULSION
The ship is powered by COGAG (combined gas turbine and gas turbine), consisting of four Rolls Royce Olympus TM3B gas turbine engines generating 97,000hp, providing a speed of 28 knots. At the economical speed of 19 knots the range of the ship is 7000 miles.
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JSF (F35) JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER, INTERNATIONAL
The Joint Strike Fighter, the JSF, is being developed by Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company for the US Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps and the UK Royal Navy. The stealthy, supersonic multi-role fighter is to be designated the F-35. The JSF is being built in three variants: a conventional take-off and landing aircraft (CTOL) for the US Air Force; a carrier based variant (CV) for the US Navy; and a short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft for the US Marine Corps and the Royal Navy. A 70 – 90% commonality is required for all variants.
The requirement is for: USAF F-35A –air-to-ground strike aircraft, replacing F-16 and A-10, complementing F-22 (1763); USMC F-35B – STOVL strike fighter to replace F/A-18B/C and AV-8B (480); UK RN F-35C – STOVL strike fighter to replace Sea Harriers (60); US Navy F-35C – first-day-of-war strike fighter to replace F/A-18B/C and A-6, complementing the F/A-18E/F (480 aircraft). In January 2001, the UK MOD signed a memorandum of understanding to co-operate in the SDD (System Development and Demonstration) phase of JSF and, in September 2002, selected the STOVL variant to fulfil the Future Joint Combat Aircraft (FJCA) requirement. Following the contract award, other nations signed up to the SDD phase are: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Singapore and Turkey.
The Concept Demonstration Phase of the programme began in November 1996 with the award of contracts to two consortia, led by Boeing Aerospace and Lockheed Martin. The contracts involved the building of demonstrator aircraft for three different configurations of JSF, with one of the two consortia to be selected for the development and manufacture of all three variants.
In October 2001, an international team led by Lockheed Martin was awarded the contract to build JSF. An initial 22 aircraft (14 flying test aircraft and eight ground-test aircraft) will be built in the programs System Development and Demonstration (SDD) phase. Flight testing will be carried out at Edwards Air Force Base, California, and Naval Air Station, Patuxent River, Maryland. In April 2003, JSF completed a successful Preliminary Design Review (PDR). The first F-35 has begun airframe assembly and is scheduled for its first flight in 2005. The fighter is expected to enter service in 2008.
The Lockheed Martin JSF team includes Northrop Grumman, BAE Systems, Pratt and Whitney and Rolls-Royce. Final assembly of the aircraft will take place at Lockheed Martin's Fort Worth plant in Texas. Major subassemblies will be produced by Northrop Grumman Integrated Systems at El Segundo, California and BAE Systems at Samlesbury, Lancashire, England. BAE Systems is responsible for the design and integration of the aft fuselage, horizontal and vertical tails and the wing-fold mechanism for the CV variant, using experience from the Harrier STOVL programme.
DESIGN
In order to minimise the structural weight and complexity of assembly, the wingbox section integrates the wing and fuselage section into one piece. To minimise radar signature, sweep angles are identical for the leading and trailing edges of the wing and tail (planform alignment). The fuselage and canopy have sloping sides. The seam of the canopy and the weapon bay doors are sawtoothed and the vertical tails are canted at an angle.
The Marine variant of JSF is very similar to the Air Force variant, but with a slightly shorter range because some of the space used for fuel is used for the lift fan of the STOVL propulsion system. The main differences between the naval variant and the other versions of JSF are associated with the carrier operations. The internal structure of the naval version is very strong to withstand the high loading of catapult assisted launches and tailhook arrested landings. The aircraft has larger wing and tail control surfaces for low speed approaches for carrier landing. Larger leading edge flaps and foldable wingtip sections provide a larger wing area, which provides an increased range and payload capacity.
The canopy, radar and most of the avionics are common to the three variants.
WEAPONS
Weapons are carried in two parallel bays located in front of the landing gear. Each weapons bay is fitted with two hardpoints for carrying a range of bombs and missiles. Weapons to be cleared for internal carriage include: JDAM (Joint Direct Attack Munition), CBU-105 WCMD (Wind-Corrected Munitions Dispenser) for the Sensor-Fuzed Weapon, JSOW (Joint StandOff Weapon), Paveway II guided bombs, AIM-120C AMRAAM air-to-air missile; for external carriage: JASSM (Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile), AIM-9X Sidewinder and Storm Shadow cruise missile.
In September 2002, General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products was selected as the gun system integrator. The air force variant has an internally mounted gun. The Carrier and Marine variants can have an external gun pod fitted.
TARGETING
Lockheed Martin Missile & Fire Control and Northrop Grumman Electronic Sensors and Systems are jointly responsible for the JSF electro-optical system. A Lockheed Martin electro-optical targeting system (EOTS) will provide long-range detection and precision targeting, along with the Northrop Grumman DAS (Distributed Aperture System) thermal imaging system. EOTS will be based on the Sniper XL pod developed for the F-16, which incorporates a mid-wave third generation FLIR, dual mode laser, CCD TV, laser tracker and laser marker. BAE Systems Avionics in Edinburgh, Scotland will provide the laser systems. DAS consists of multiple infrared cameras (supplied by Indigo Systems of Goleta, California) providing 360º coverage using advanced signal conditioning algorithms. As well as situational awareness, DAS provides navigation, missile warning and infrared search and track (IRST). EOTS is embedded under the aircraft’s nose, and DAS sensors are fitted at multiple locations on the aircraft.
RADAR
Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems is developing the advanced electronically scanned array (AESA) multi-function radar. The AESA will combine an integrated radio frequency subsystem with a multifunction array. The radar system will also incorporate the agile beam steering capabilities developed for the APG-77.
COUNTERMEASURES
BAE Systems North America will be responsible for the JSF integrated electronic warfare suite, which will be installed internally and have some subsystems from Northrop Grumman. BAE is developing a new digital radar warning receiver for the F-35.
AVIONICS SYSTEMS
The following will supply the F-35 avionics systems: BAE Systems Avionics - side stick and throttle controls; Vision Systems International (a partnership between Kaiser Electronics and Elbit of Israel) - advanced helmet-mounted display; Ball Aerospace - Communications, Navigation and Integration (CNI) integrated body antenna suite (one S-band, two UHF, two radar altimeter, three L-band antennas per aircraft); Harris Corporation - advanced avionics systems, infrastructure, image processing, digital map software, fibre optics, high speed communications links and part of the Communications, Navigation and Information (CNI) System; Honeywell - radar altimeter, inertial navigation/global positioning system (INS/GPS) and air data transducers; Raytheon - 24-channel GPS (Global Positioning System) with digital anti-jam receiver (DAR).
SYSTEMS
Other suppliers will include: ATK Composites - upper wing skins; Vought Aircraft Industries - lower wing skins; Smiths Aerospace - electronic control systems and electrical power system (with Hamilton Sundstrand), integrated canopy frame; Honeywell - landing system's wheels and brakes, onboard oxygen-generating system (OBOGS), engine components, power and thermal management system driven by integrated auxiliary power unit (APU); Parker Aerospace - fuel system, hydraulics for lift fan, primary flight control electrohydrostatic actuators (with Moog Inc), engine controls and accessories; EDO Corporation - pneumatic weapon delivery system; Goodrich - lift-fan anti-icing system; Stork Aerospace - electrical wiring.
PROPULSION
Early production lots of all three variants will be powered by the Pratt and Whitney afterburning turbofan F-135 engine, a derivative of the F119 fitted on the F-22. Following production aircraft will be powered by either the F135 or the F-136 turbofan being developed by General Electric and Rolls-Royce. Hamilton Sundstrand is providing the engine control system and gearbox.
On the F-35B, the engine is coupled with a shaft-driven lift fan system for STOVL propulsion. The lift fan has been developed by Rolls-Royce Defence. Doors installed above and below the vertical fan open as the fin spins up to provide vertical lift. The main engine has a three bearing swivelling exhaust nozzle. The nozzle, which is supplemented by two roll control ducts on the inboard section of the wing, together with the vertical lift fan provide the required STOVL capability.
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Price : 500 Million
Tunguska-M1 is a gun/missile system for low-level air defence. The system was designed by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau in Tula, Russia and is manufactured by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant, Ulyanovsk, Russia. It can engage targets while stationary and on the move, using missiles for long-range targets and guns for close-in defence. It is designed for defence against both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters and can also fire on ground targets.
Tunguska entered service with the Russian army in 1988 and has been exported to Germany, India, Peru and Ukraine.
ARMAMENT
The Tunguska-M1 vehicle carries eight 9M311-M1 surface-to-air missiles. The missile (NATO designation SA-19 Grison) has semi-automatic radar command to line-of-sight guidance, weighs 40kg with a 9kg warhead. It is 2.5m long with a diameter of 1.7m and wingspan of 2.2m. The missile's maximum speed is 900m/s and can engage targets travelling at speeds up to 500m/s. Range is from 15 to 6,000m for ground targets and 15 to 10,000m for air targets.
Two twin-barrel 30mm anti-aircraft guns are mounted on the vehicle. These guns have a maximum firing rate of 5,000 rounds per minute and a range of 3,000m against air targets. This extends to 4,000m against ground targets.
FIRE CONTROL
The system has target acquisition radar and target tracking radar, optical sight, digital computing system, tilt angle measuring system and navigation equipment. Radar detection range is 18km and tracking range is 16km.
VEHICLE
The Tunguska-M1 system is mounted on a 34t tracked vehicle with multi-fuel engine. It has hydromechanical transmission, hydropneumatic suspension which allows for changing road clearance and hydraulic track-tensioning. The armoured turret has both laying and stabilisation drives and power supply. Air-conditioning, heating and filtration systems are fitted.
A Tunguska-M1 battery is composed of up to six vehicles and will also include a transloader as well as maintenance and training facilities.
The armoured turret has both laying and stabilisation drives and power supply. Air-conditioning, heating and filtration systems are fitted. A Tunguska-M1 battery is composed of up to six vehicles and will also include a transloader as well as maintenance and training facilities.
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Price : 50 Million Each