13-08-2003, 18:11
The Bisonic Defense Initiatives Agency (BDIA) has annoucned the development of the BUK-1M, a SAM system with a range of 160km, but with abilities to engage low hovering helicopters, anti radiation missiles, and of course aircraft.
http://venus.ci.uw.edu.pl/~animal/military.pl/syst_p_lotnicze/rakietowe/sa-11_gadfly_9k37m1-buk-1m/sa-11_1s.jpg
The Buk (Buk-M1) SAM system comprises:
-command post (CP) to control combat actions of the SAM system, receive and process information coming from acquisition and tracking radars and a higher command post, distribute targets among and designate them to missile launch platforms;
-target acquisition radar (TAR) to detect targets, primarily process radar data and transmit it to the command post;
-six self-propelled mounts (SPM) capable of independent operation, carrying four missiles each and intended to detect targets (by target designation from the command post or independently), identify the threat IFF status and type, lock on and track targ ets, produce a missile flight mission by the results of automatic tracking, fire missile from the own launcher or attached loader-launcher, illuminate the target, generate and transmit radio correction commands to the missile;
-three to six loader-launchers (LL) intended for the firing, storage, transportation and loading (unloading) of missiles on (from) self-propelled mounts and own launchers;
-surface-to-air missiles.
The Buk-M1 SAM system is a modern, highly effective, mobile air defense asset intended to engage high speed (up to 830 m/s) and maneuvering (up 7 or 8 g-load units) piloted aerodynamic targets, explosive robot planes and cruise missiles in conditions a mass raid and intensive electronic countermeasures of the enemy as well as attack helicopters, including those hovering at extremely low altitudes. The system is also capable of engaging guided air bombs and missiles, including antiradar missiles. The multi-element structuring, developed software, built-in test devices, main system redundancy and high mobility of system elements ensure flexible operational control and survivability of the system.
The engagement zone of each SP mount covers:
-in altitude from 15 m to 22 km;
-in range from 3 to 35 km.
The SPMs can be located at a distance of 5 to 10 km from one another and up to 10 km from the command post, which ensures a wide effective zone of coverage in front and depth, including cases of troop displacement. The air surveillance zone of the SPM 160 km (in radius), which allows the preparation of initial data to repel a raid of air attack weapons and take decisions on target engagement.
The system ensures engagement of six targets simultaneously flying from different directions and at different altitudes.
The combat activity of the system is organized by the command post that has command and control and telecoded communications systems (and backup wire communications system) with all elements of the system and a higher echelon command post.
The air enemy information is fed from the higher command post and the TAR to the command post where it is evaluated from the point of view of the threat presented by the targets detected by the TAR and supplied by the higher CP; the targets are then pritized proceeding from target speed, altitude and time of entry in the engagement zone. Targets are distributed by combining data on the handled targets, location and combat readiness of SPMs; in any case, a target with the maximum crossover is selected for each SPM. As a result of target distribution, target designation is provided to the command SPM.
Following the target designation, the SPM searches for and locks on the target in the narrow zone (±3 x ±5 degrees), produces commands to prepare a missile for launch and generate the missile flight mission to the digital computer. Depending on the aiituation and target parameters, the SPM commander selects its operating mode.
As soon as the target enters the launch zone and the SPM equipment is ready for launch, the target is illuminated and the missile is launched. The dead time from the target designation moment to missile liftoff is 14 to 15 s.
At the initial phase of the trajectory, before the command is given to the missile radar homing head to lock on the target, the missile rides to the target in compliance with the program inserted into the onboard computer and by radio correction comma transmitted from the SPM via the illumination channel. After the lockon command is issued, the missile homes onto its target.
When the missile flies past the target, its armament system operates to kill the target.
Missiles can be launched from the own SPM launcher or an attached loader-launcher.
When the SPM operates in the autonomous mode, the target is detected and locked on in a sector of 120 degrees in azimuth and 7 degrees in elevation within the field of responsibility assigned by the CP.
Basing on an analysis of air situation and data from the higher echelon command post, the CP arranges for battle performance of the SAM system proceeding as follows:
-assigns sectors of responsibility in azimuth and elevation to the SPMs, within which the latter can carry out combat activity independently;
-issues target designation to the SPMs proceeding from air situation data coming from the TAR and higher echelon CP;
-issues commands to forbid firing when an excessive effect on the target is anticipated;
-organizes operation in twin modes-SPM mode, "somebody else's" illumination mode, during triangulation and protection from antiradar missiles;
-registers the combat performance process during 24 h of continuous operation.
The digital computing system of the CP performs the secondary processing of air situation information coming as blips from the TAR (tracking criterion is two of two for low flying targets and three of four for other targets), selection of dangerous tats and their distribution among the SPMs, calculating and logical operations for control of the SAM system, preparation and generation of data for air attack repulsion, operation for exchange of information between the SPMs, higher echelon CP, TAR and re gistration system.
The display system, comprising four automated work stations, allows the crew to control the process of battle performance and cooperate with the digital computing system in the dialog mode.
The communications facilities of the CP permit an exchange of voice and telecoded information with the TAR at a range of up to 5 km, with SPMs at a range of up to 10 km and the higher echelon CP at a range of up to 100 km.
The CP has the following basic characteristics:
-number of blips coming from the TAR during a scan period up to 75;
-number of tracked targets up to 15;
-time between the moment of reception of the first target blip from the TAR and target designation to the SPMs 6 s for low flying targets and 10 to 13 s for other targets;
-time between the moment of receiving data on a bearing to the active jammer from the SPM to the moment of issue of target designation in range 6 s;
-crew 6 men.
The 9S18M1 target acquisition radar is based on a flat waveguide array with electronic scanning in elevation and mechanical scanning in azimuth. The detection zone is formed in two types:
-to detect aerodynamic targets with an elevation of up to 40 deg and 360 deg in azimuth;
-to detect ballistic targets and antiradar missiles with an elevation of 55 deg and 120 deg in azimuth.
The indicated range is 160 km.
The scanning rate is 3, 6, or 9 s.
The maximum altitude of the detection zone is 22 km.
The antenna system forms a partial beam scanned in compliance with a special program.
The probing pulse signal is frequency modulated. The pulse repetition rate and duration are programmed depending on the air situation.
The TAR is outfitted with a digital moving target selection system and an automatic coordinate readout system. The system for protection against external active noise interference with a density of up to 500 W/mHz, set up at a distance of 200 km, ensu detection of a target with a reflection surface of 1 sq. m at a range of 60 km.
The 9A310M1 self-propelled mount is a multifunctional system combining a radar and a launcher both structurally and functionally.
In line with its purpose, the SPM comprises:
-surveillance, tracking and target illumination radar;
-digital computing system;
-four-missile launcher;
-telecoded and operational command communications system.
The radar antenna system is based on the Cassegrain double-reflector antenna ensuring good search characteristics of the radar and large beam deflection angles.
The SPM search zone constitutes ±60 deg in azimuth and 7 deg in elevation; the search zone can be displaced in elevation from -5 to +75 deg. The tracking zone ranges from -5 to +75 deg in elevation and ±60 deg in azimuth.
The range to detect and lock on a target with a reflection surface of 2 and 3 sq. m is 100 and 80 km, respectively.
The radar can emit three types of signals: a pulse signal with linear-frequency modulation in the pulse and processing in the amplitude mode and the digital moving target selection mode, a pulse Doppler (quasicontinuous) signal and a continuous signaln the illumination channel).
The small peak power of emission ensures low susceptibility to intelligence, while the use of different types of emission facilitates adaptation to different conditions of the air and interference situation.
To back up the radar operation, the SPM is provided with an optical TV sight to deliver fire without cut-in of the radar for emission in the surveillance channel.
The SPM radar jamming immunity is ensured by the SPM equipment and integrated organizational and technical measures.
The computing system ensures operation of all radar systems, generates a missile flight mission, controls the launcher (loader-launcher), simulates missile guidance to a target and, based on the simulation results and real coordinates of a target to bngaged, produces missile flight radio correction commands at the initial phase of flight.
The computing system is based on a digital computer with a sufficiently high speed and required volume of memory.
The SPM launcher ensures the launch of four missiles, their storage, transportation and prelaunch test. Before firing, the launcher is pointed in the direction of a future impact point, which ensures the near boundary of the engagement zone not in exc of 3 km.
The 9S39M1 loader-launcher carries eight missiles: four ready to launch missiles are placed on the launcher rails, while the other four missiles are arranged on the transportation supports and can be reloaded on the launcher after firing the precedingssiles. The LL is controlled by the SPM commands transmitted via a radio (wire) link through the onboard analog computer.
The LL is provided with a hydraulic loading-unloading device, with a capacity of up to 1,000 kg, intended to load missiles from the transporter vehicle or ground to the launcher and supports and as well as to the SPM launchers.
The 9M38M1 air-to-surface missile is of a normal configuration and provided with a two-mode solid-propellant motor. The missile nose accommodates a radar homing head with radio transparent fairing, radio fuze and warhead.
The missile is supplied with power from a 220-V 400-Hz generator driven by a solid propellant gas generator.
The semiactive radar homing head is provided with a tail reference signal. Target lock-on is effected at the end of the inertial missile guidance phase.
The impulse radio fuze determines the target geometrical dimensions, takes into account the functional time delay dictated by the rate of closing with the target and ensures the required matching of the spray pattern with the zone of radio fuze operation.
Max missile speed, m/s 1,100
Time of motor operation, s 11
Missile length, m 5.55
Max diameter, m 0.4
Max empennage span, m 0.86
Missile weight, kg 690
All the ground combat elements of the Buk-M1 system are based on cross-country and self-propelled tracked chassis. Crews and equipment are accommodated in armored hulls protecting them from small arms fire and artillery shell splinters. The chassis are provided with hydromechanical transmission, hydrostatic steering gear and soft suspension system ensuring high vehicle agility and smooth running. All self-propelled mounts are equipped with filtering-ventilating units and pressurization systems preventing the entry of contaminated air, air conditioning (cooling and heating) systems to provide the required conditions of crew activity, survey and or ientation devices to reach an assigned area and perform combat activities, operational command and technical (telecoded) communications facilities. Each combat vehicle weighs no more than 36 t, with a maximum speed of 65 km/h. The basic units and assemblies of the self-propelled chassis are unified with those of the Tor and Tunguska air defense systems facilitating their operation in using arms. To keep the system in ready for combat condition, carry out routine maintenance and repairs, as well as scheduled and seasonal maintenance, the system is provided with maintenance and repair facilities, SPTA as well as the means of transportation, loadin g and filling.
The maintenance facilities include:
-TAR, SPM and LL maintenance vehicles;
-system equipment maintenance and repair vehicles;
-SPTA transportation trailers;
-transporter vehicle with load-handling equipment;
-automatic mobile test station for checking missiles at depots, bases and arsenals.
As the combat equipment is mainly repaired by the replacement of units, it is not envisaged to repair equipment in the maintenance and repair facilities; however, the repair and maintenance vehicle is provided with a number of stands and test sets mak it possible to evaluate the serviceability of certain units and devices taken from the SPTA set or separate units reconditioned during running repair. At the customer's request, this system of repair and maintenance can be rebuilt to operate in stationa ry or semistationary conditions.
The SAM system proved its worth in using arms and demonstrated high effectiveness and reliability, as confirmed by the exercises Defense '92 and Autumn '93 where the system destroyed aerodynamic and ballistic targets
-analogs of the Lance (Lance-2) andrshing-I ballistic missiles, as well as MLRS rockets.
1 system with missiles costs $6 mil, $5 mil for TGPA or NCA members.
http://venus.ci.uw.edu.pl/~animal/military.pl/syst_p_lotnicze/rakietowe/sa-11_gadfly_9k37m1-buk-1m/sa-11_1s.jpg
The Buk (Buk-M1) SAM system comprises:
-command post (CP) to control combat actions of the SAM system, receive and process information coming from acquisition and tracking radars and a higher command post, distribute targets among and designate them to missile launch platforms;
-target acquisition radar (TAR) to detect targets, primarily process radar data and transmit it to the command post;
-six self-propelled mounts (SPM) capable of independent operation, carrying four missiles each and intended to detect targets (by target designation from the command post or independently), identify the threat IFF status and type, lock on and track targ ets, produce a missile flight mission by the results of automatic tracking, fire missile from the own launcher or attached loader-launcher, illuminate the target, generate and transmit radio correction commands to the missile;
-three to six loader-launchers (LL) intended for the firing, storage, transportation and loading (unloading) of missiles on (from) self-propelled mounts and own launchers;
-surface-to-air missiles.
The Buk-M1 SAM system is a modern, highly effective, mobile air defense asset intended to engage high speed (up to 830 m/s) and maneuvering (up 7 or 8 g-load units) piloted aerodynamic targets, explosive robot planes and cruise missiles in conditions a mass raid and intensive electronic countermeasures of the enemy as well as attack helicopters, including those hovering at extremely low altitudes. The system is also capable of engaging guided air bombs and missiles, including antiradar missiles. The multi-element structuring, developed software, built-in test devices, main system redundancy and high mobility of system elements ensure flexible operational control and survivability of the system.
The engagement zone of each SP mount covers:
-in altitude from 15 m to 22 km;
-in range from 3 to 35 km.
The SPMs can be located at a distance of 5 to 10 km from one another and up to 10 km from the command post, which ensures a wide effective zone of coverage in front and depth, including cases of troop displacement. The air surveillance zone of the SPM 160 km (in radius), which allows the preparation of initial data to repel a raid of air attack weapons and take decisions on target engagement.
The system ensures engagement of six targets simultaneously flying from different directions and at different altitudes.
The combat activity of the system is organized by the command post that has command and control and telecoded communications systems (and backup wire communications system) with all elements of the system and a higher echelon command post.
The air enemy information is fed from the higher command post and the TAR to the command post where it is evaluated from the point of view of the threat presented by the targets detected by the TAR and supplied by the higher CP; the targets are then pritized proceeding from target speed, altitude and time of entry in the engagement zone. Targets are distributed by combining data on the handled targets, location and combat readiness of SPMs; in any case, a target with the maximum crossover is selected for each SPM. As a result of target distribution, target designation is provided to the command SPM.
Following the target designation, the SPM searches for and locks on the target in the narrow zone (±3 x ±5 degrees), produces commands to prepare a missile for launch and generate the missile flight mission to the digital computer. Depending on the aiituation and target parameters, the SPM commander selects its operating mode.
As soon as the target enters the launch zone and the SPM equipment is ready for launch, the target is illuminated and the missile is launched. The dead time from the target designation moment to missile liftoff is 14 to 15 s.
At the initial phase of the trajectory, before the command is given to the missile radar homing head to lock on the target, the missile rides to the target in compliance with the program inserted into the onboard computer and by radio correction comma transmitted from the SPM via the illumination channel. After the lockon command is issued, the missile homes onto its target.
When the missile flies past the target, its armament system operates to kill the target.
Missiles can be launched from the own SPM launcher or an attached loader-launcher.
When the SPM operates in the autonomous mode, the target is detected and locked on in a sector of 120 degrees in azimuth and 7 degrees in elevation within the field of responsibility assigned by the CP.
Basing on an analysis of air situation and data from the higher echelon command post, the CP arranges for battle performance of the SAM system proceeding as follows:
-assigns sectors of responsibility in azimuth and elevation to the SPMs, within which the latter can carry out combat activity independently;
-issues target designation to the SPMs proceeding from air situation data coming from the TAR and higher echelon CP;
-issues commands to forbid firing when an excessive effect on the target is anticipated;
-organizes operation in twin modes-SPM mode, "somebody else's" illumination mode, during triangulation and protection from antiradar missiles;
-registers the combat performance process during 24 h of continuous operation.
The digital computing system of the CP performs the secondary processing of air situation information coming as blips from the TAR (tracking criterion is two of two for low flying targets and three of four for other targets), selection of dangerous tats and their distribution among the SPMs, calculating and logical operations for control of the SAM system, preparation and generation of data for air attack repulsion, operation for exchange of information between the SPMs, higher echelon CP, TAR and re gistration system.
The display system, comprising four automated work stations, allows the crew to control the process of battle performance and cooperate with the digital computing system in the dialog mode.
The communications facilities of the CP permit an exchange of voice and telecoded information with the TAR at a range of up to 5 km, with SPMs at a range of up to 10 km and the higher echelon CP at a range of up to 100 km.
The CP has the following basic characteristics:
-number of blips coming from the TAR during a scan period up to 75;
-number of tracked targets up to 15;
-time between the moment of reception of the first target blip from the TAR and target designation to the SPMs 6 s for low flying targets and 10 to 13 s for other targets;
-time between the moment of receiving data on a bearing to the active jammer from the SPM to the moment of issue of target designation in range 6 s;
-crew 6 men.
The 9S18M1 target acquisition radar is based on a flat waveguide array with electronic scanning in elevation and mechanical scanning in azimuth. The detection zone is formed in two types:
-to detect aerodynamic targets with an elevation of up to 40 deg and 360 deg in azimuth;
-to detect ballistic targets and antiradar missiles with an elevation of 55 deg and 120 deg in azimuth.
The indicated range is 160 km.
The scanning rate is 3, 6, or 9 s.
The maximum altitude of the detection zone is 22 km.
The antenna system forms a partial beam scanned in compliance with a special program.
The probing pulse signal is frequency modulated. The pulse repetition rate and duration are programmed depending on the air situation.
The TAR is outfitted with a digital moving target selection system and an automatic coordinate readout system. The system for protection against external active noise interference with a density of up to 500 W/mHz, set up at a distance of 200 km, ensu detection of a target with a reflection surface of 1 sq. m at a range of 60 km.
The 9A310M1 self-propelled mount is a multifunctional system combining a radar and a launcher both structurally and functionally.
In line with its purpose, the SPM comprises:
-surveillance, tracking and target illumination radar;
-digital computing system;
-four-missile launcher;
-telecoded and operational command communications system.
The radar antenna system is based on the Cassegrain double-reflector antenna ensuring good search characteristics of the radar and large beam deflection angles.
The SPM search zone constitutes ±60 deg in azimuth and 7 deg in elevation; the search zone can be displaced in elevation from -5 to +75 deg. The tracking zone ranges from -5 to +75 deg in elevation and ±60 deg in azimuth.
The range to detect and lock on a target with a reflection surface of 2 and 3 sq. m is 100 and 80 km, respectively.
The radar can emit three types of signals: a pulse signal with linear-frequency modulation in the pulse and processing in the amplitude mode and the digital moving target selection mode, a pulse Doppler (quasicontinuous) signal and a continuous signaln the illumination channel).
The small peak power of emission ensures low susceptibility to intelligence, while the use of different types of emission facilitates adaptation to different conditions of the air and interference situation.
To back up the radar operation, the SPM is provided with an optical TV sight to deliver fire without cut-in of the radar for emission in the surveillance channel.
The SPM radar jamming immunity is ensured by the SPM equipment and integrated organizational and technical measures.
The computing system ensures operation of all radar systems, generates a missile flight mission, controls the launcher (loader-launcher), simulates missile guidance to a target and, based on the simulation results and real coordinates of a target to bngaged, produces missile flight radio correction commands at the initial phase of flight.
The computing system is based on a digital computer with a sufficiently high speed and required volume of memory.
The SPM launcher ensures the launch of four missiles, their storage, transportation and prelaunch test. Before firing, the launcher is pointed in the direction of a future impact point, which ensures the near boundary of the engagement zone not in exc of 3 km.
The 9S39M1 loader-launcher carries eight missiles: four ready to launch missiles are placed on the launcher rails, while the other four missiles are arranged on the transportation supports and can be reloaded on the launcher after firing the precedingssiles. The LL is controlled by the SPM commands transmitted via a radio (wire) link through the onboard analog computer.
The LL is provided with a hydraulic loading-unloading device, with a capacity of up to 1,000 kg, intended to load missiles from the transporter vehicle or ground to the launcher and supports and as well as to the SPM launchers.
The 9M38M1 air-to-surface missile is of a normal configuration and provided with a two-mode solid-propellant motor. The missile nose accommodates a radar homing head with radio transparent fairing, radio fuze and warhead.
The missile is supplied with power from a 220-V 400-Hz generator driven by a solid propellant gas generator.
The semiactive radar homing head is provided with a tail reference signal. Target lock-on is effected at the end of the inertial missile guidance phase.
The impulse radio fuze determines the target geometrical dimensions, takes into account the functional time delay dictated by the rate of closing with the target and ensures the required matching of the spray pattern with the zone of radio fuze operation.
Max missile speed, m/s 1,100
Time of motor operation, s 11
Missile length, m 5.55
Max diameter, m 0.4
Max empennage span, m 0.86
Missile weight, kg 690
All the ground combat elements of the Buk-M1 system are based on cross-country and self-propelled tracked chassis. Crews and equipment are accommodated in armored hulls protecting them from small arms fire and artillery shell splinters. The chassis are provided with hydromechanical transmission, hydrostatic steering gear and soft suspension system ensuring high vehicle agility and smooth running. All self-propelled mounts are equipped with filtering-ventilating units and pressurization systems preventing the entry of contaminated air, air conditioning (cooling and heating) systems to provide the required conditions of crew activity, survey and or ientation devices to reach an assigned area and perform combat activities, operational command and technical (telecoded) communications facilities. Each combat vehicle weighs no more than 36 t, with a maximum speed of 65 km/h. The basic units and assemblies of the self-propelled chassis are unified with those of the Tor and Tunguska air defense systems facilitating their operation in using arms. To keep the system in ready for combat condition, carry out routine maintenance and repairs, as well as scheduled and seasonal maintenance, the system is provided with maintenance and repair facilities, SPTA as well as the means of transportation, loadin g and filling.
The maintenance facilities include:
-TAR, SPM and LL maintenance vehicles;
-system equipment maintenance and repair vehicles;
-SPTA transportation trailers;
-transporter vehicle with load-handling equipment;
-automatic mobile test station for checking missiles at depots, bases and arsenals.
As the combat equipment is mainly repaired by the replacement of units, it is not envisaged to repair equipment in the maintenance and repair facilities; however, the repair and maintenance vehicle is provided with a number of stands and test sets mak it possible to evaluate the serviceability of certain units and devices taken from the SPTA set or separate units reconditioned during running repair. At the customer's request, this system of repair and maintenance can be rebuilt to operate in stationa ry or semistationary conditions.
The SAM system proved its worth in using arms and demonstrated high effectiveness and reliability, as confirmed by the exercises Defense '92 and Autumn '93 where the system destroyed aerodynamic and ballistic targets
-analogs of the Lance (Lance-2) andrshing-I ballistic missiles, as well as MLRS rockets.
1 system with missiles costs $6 mil, $5 mil for TGPA or NCA members.