Superpower07
28-11-2004, 20:05
Ok, so I wrote a thesis paper on Ayn Rand for English IIH - since it's due tomorrow anybody care to read it? As to keep you guys from getting confused I'll put titles for each section
(it's 7-some pages long double-spaced so keep that in mind)
What Makes a Randroid Tick?
A well-known saying goes, “Great minds think alike.” People believe that so much could be accomplished if they work together in a group. To some, nothing is better than sacrificing and committing oneself towards the greater good, but these people fail to recognize that it is the individuals who make up the group, not vice versa. One person who did indeed recognize this was the famous novelist Ayn Rand. The spirit of individualism, shaped by Ayn Rand's experiences in the Russian Revolution, can be seen in the themes of many of her novels.
Biography
Born the second of February 1905 in St. Petersburg, Russia, Ayn Rand’s birth name was Alissa Rosenbaum. Her father was a chemist and she was the eldest daughter of his three children (Baker 1). By birth, Rand (Rosenbaum) was Jewish (Baker 2). She received a private school education, and at age six, she could read and write (Baker 1). Rand then began to write stories, including her first story, “The Mysterious Valley.” Rand continued to write through World War I (Baker 2). In 1924, she graduated from the University of Petrograd (Gladstein 8).
The Russian Revolution of 1918 turned her world upside-down. “Her experiences strongly influenced her personal and intellectual revolution” (Sciabarra 518). The Bolshevik authorities nationalized her father’s business, and the Rosenbaum family’s standard of living dropped substantially. Rand and her family then fled to the Crimea (Baker 2). At this time in her life, she declared herself an atheist (Baker 3).
Ayn Rand fled the USSR for the United States in 1926 (Baker 8). In the US, Alissa Rosenbaum changed her name to Ayn Rand. She acquired her first name, Ayn (pronounced to rhyme with mine), from a Finnish writer she admired (Baker 4). Her last name, Rand, was taken from her Remington-Rand typewriter (Ybarra 3). Arriving in the US, she made her way to Hollywood, writing movie scenarios for the Cecil DeMille Studio (Baker 5). In 1927, Rand married her husband, Frank O’Connor (Baker 6).
Later in her life, she would go on to write novels, such as We the Living in 1936 (Baker 8). In 1943, Rand published her highly successful novel, The Fountainhead, and dedicated it to her husband (Baker 8). She would also go on to write Atlas Shrugged in 1957 (Baker 17). On 06 March 2004, Ayn Rand died at the age of seventy-eight years old (Gladstein 27-28). She remains buried next to her husband at Kensico Cemetery in New York (Gladstein 28).
Summary of Critiques
Ayn Rand’s novels share numerous common traits. They all deal with the same fundamental themes. Among these themes is the idea of rationalism (Baker 96). According to literary critic James T. Baker, rationalism “is closely linked to that of individualism” (97). A rationalist, always the individualist, will follow only his or her own mind, giving no heed to society’s values. “Her heroes are strong rather than merciful, resolute rather than considerate. Their most outstanding, decisive, unalterable characteristic is supreme egoism” (Baker 97).
Furthering her theme of rationalism is Rand’s theme of self-interest. It, along with self-confidence, both stem from man’s selfishness (Baker 97). Selfishness, according to Rand, does not involve the interruption of others and their work, whether or not to help or hinder. The selfish person is able to perform their productive labor “proudly and efficiently” (Baker 98). She found it upsetting that selfishness in this sense had a negative connotation, blaming this on altruism (Baker 97).
A prime example of altruism in Rand’s novels is collectivism. Quoting her, Baker saw Rand’s version of collectivism as “‘the obliteration of reason; psychologically, it is the erosion of ambition’” (109). Baker also states that lethargy and irrationality go hand-in-hand with collectivist doctrine (109-10). Exploring collectivism through her novels, Rand argued that its flaw came from how in it, man “exists not for himself but for others” (Baker 110).
Characters play a major part in the way Rand wrote her novels, such as serving as their guiding forces. “Characters are brought into dynamic conflict, leading to a triumphant resolution for . . . the ideals Rand celebrates” (Sciabarra 523). Sciabarra also states that Rand intended for her characters to represent specific human attributes and traits, and that these traits were emphasized “more sharply and consistently than human beings … Characters are motivated by essential ideas that are the core of their identity” (522). In the characters’ lives, Rand eliminated accidental elements of their roles so that she could focus more on their motivations (Sciabarra 522).
Literary critic Mimi Reisel Gladstein observed Rand’s use of characters’ names to indicate their personalities (22). These names can have both positive and negative connotations. (Gladstein 23). The male and female characters in Rand’s novels all share common characteristics. Males in Ayn Rand’s novels have predominantly grey eyes and hard and supple physiques. They are all straight, strong, and tall. Female characters, on the other hand, all possess an inner calm, a defiant demeanor, and slender physiques (Gladstein 22).
Rand’s novels are all set in a society where collectivism and/or altruism are the norm(s). This sense of collectivism and/or altruism has either destroyed a nation or the world or threatens to do so (Gladstein 21). Gladstein believes that all of Rand’s major works of literature follow a similar plot pattern (21). The protagonist, an able individual, battles against mediocrity and collectivism. Gladstein also notes that Rand’s novels are all imperfect, due to their highly ideological nature (29). The biases incurred by this ideology, however, have certain energy to them, one that met the needs of readers upon readers (Gladstein 29).
Sciabarra directly quotes Ayn Rand when discussing her specific writing style: “‘it is written as a man is born, an organic whole, dictated by only its own laws and its own necessity’” (523). Sciabarra also states that Ayn Rand was influenced greatly by fellow Russian and writer, Fyodor Dostoyevsky (518). Dostoyevsky’s influence over Rand is contradicted by Michael J Ybarra, who wrote that “Victor Hugo was the single writer who influenced her” (Ybarra 20).
Analysis
The Fountainhead follows the successes and failures of two architects: Howard Roark and Peter Keating. Roark is a man with radically new ideas about architecture, ideas that get him expelled from architecture school because he refuses to confine himself to more traditional styles. Although he acquires occasional architectural work, by the time his projects are finished, the design alienates those who contracted him for it, and in one extreme case sued. Peter Keating, on the other hand, conforms himself to traditional architecture, graduates at the top of his class and gains a position at the prestigious architectural firm of [Guy] Francon and [Lucius] Heyer. However, Keating becomes dependent on Roark to finish his projects, so dependant that he lets Roark create an entire housing project for him. Roark agrees to do this, upon the condition that nobody alters the plans at all. However, the plans are altered, and in response Roark dynamites the construction site. At his trial he gives a convincing defense for his actions, arguing his design (that of an individual’s) was perverted grotesquely to suit the “needs” and tastes of the collective. Roark won the court case, and later ended up opening his own architecture firm.
In Ayn Rand’s The Fountainhead, characters represent specific aspects she desired to emphasize or de-emphasize. Rand transferred traits of her own to Howard Roark. For example, Roark shows Rand’s egotist/individualist nature at his second trial. There, he spoke on behalf of egoism to defend his actions.
The egoist in the absolute sense is not the man who sacrifices others. He is the man who stands above the need of using others in any manner. He does not function through them. He is not concerned with them in any primary manner . . . he does not exist for any other man – and he asks no other man to exist for him. (Rand 682-83)
Rand also transferred her atheism onto Howard Roark. In a conversation with Mr. Hopton Stoddard, Roark openly admits this, saying, “I don’t believe in God” (Rand 320).
Peter Keating, although having a very successfully career, is a “slave” to Roark. Throughout the book, Keating relies on him to finish all his projects. He even admits this. “… I’m a parasite. You designed all my best projects …” (Rand 576). One could say that Peter Keating serves Mammon.
In the introduction to her book, Rand stated that she is an ardent capitalist (viii). News tycoon of the New York Banner, Gail Wynand, became the “success” he was through that economic system. He thought that he could manipulate public opinion through his position to help Howard Roark; however (Rand 624-25). Perhaps due to his power-hungry nature, Rand designated Wynand to be the “evil”/abusive side of capitalism (609). In the end, his campaign ended in failure (Rand 656). Eventually, He loses control of the Banner, implying that even abusive capitalists will fall in the end (Rand 645).
The Fountainhead begins in the year 1922, when Peter Keating graduates from the Stanton Institute of technology (Rand 17). Since the 20s were the heyday of skyscrapers, and Rand’s novel involves a great deal of architecture, it makes sense for The Fountainhead to take place during this era. The plot continues over the years, primarily in New York City (Rand 37). In New York City the plot develops greatly in architecture firms, places where architects draft and design future buildings like skyscrapers (Rand 38).
Ayn Rand wrote The Fountainhead from a 3rd-person perspective. She uses literary devices such as symbolism and similes. Such symbolic devices include skyscrapers and architects. Skyscrapers are symbolic of something to measure man’s ego and/or extent of his potential; the higher they rise, so do they. Such is the case with Howard Roark, who was commissioned to build the Wynand Building, a skyscraper to be the tallest building in New York City (Rand 693). Architects can be symbolic of society’s movers and shakers. Figuratively and literally, they are the “architects” of the future. Architect Howard Roark wished to design buildings to only his standards, thus shaping the future in his vision (Rand 19). Rand also makes use of similes to describe a character’s situation. While working at the drafting firm of Francon and Heyer, Roark wore a “prescribed pearl-gray smock like a prison uniform…” (Rand 90).
Rand’s diction has no major pattern to it. On one page, she may write a paragraph using primarily simple sentences: “He was alone now. The curtains were open. He stood looking at the city . . .” (Rand 392). On the next page, Rand may make use of more complex sentence structure in paragraphs, as well as simple sentences, using prepositional phrases, and participles; however.
After breakfast he went to his study. His desk was piled with every important newspaper, book and magazine received that morning from all over the country. He worked alone at his desk for three hours, reading and making brief notes with a large blue pencil across the printed pages . . . among the many hard rules imposed upon the employees … the hardest was the one demanding that no man pause in his work if Mr. Wynand entered the room, or notice his entrance … but they preferred three hours of overtime to ten minutes of working under his silent observation. (Rand 693)
Personal Critique
A major theme of The Fountainhead (and Rand’s other writings) is the individual versus the collective. It is increasingly common for the collective viewpoint to be argued, like with Noam Chomsky. Rand, arguing from the individual’s standpoint, presents an effective and convincing argument with The Fountainhead. It is effective because Rand presents the main aspect of collectivism, altruism (generally considered to be a positive force), as a negative force. “Every major horror of history was committed in the name of an altruistic motive” (Rand 684).
To convey her message, Rand used characters to individually represent her virtues and vices. In the context of the novel, these characters accomplished their objective to show their particular ideal as such. The one flaw that might be observed with Rand’s characters is that they are so steadfast in their opinions and beliefs. This could either help or hurt depending on the nature of the reader: he or she might find such a person as headstrong, due to their refusal to observe the other side’s viewpoint. The reader must keep in mind that the characters in The Fountainhead and their motives had to be simplified to what they were for Rand to convey her individualist message in the clearest way possible.
Some readers might find Rand’s diction confusing. While her sentence structures are coherent and understandable, some of her vocabulary can confuse readers. Rand’s vocabulary places an inherently negative connotation on altruism, a word considered to have a positive connotation. Also a potential disadvantage to Rand’s writing is that The Fountainhead is an extremely long novel. For those lacking a strong attention span, readers may be tempted to quit reading The Fountainhead. Even readers who finish it may have to go back and reread portions, due to the great level of detail contained in the novel.
What will happen to the world if people continue to establish a “hive mind”? Surely, the consequences cannot be good. Great minds were ones who thought for themselves, making a difference on their own in society. Without that entrepreneurial spirit, the world’s progress will stagnate and possible retrogress. Shaped by the author's experiences in the Russian Revolution, the spirit of individualism can be seen in the themes of many of Ayn Rand's novels.
Works Cited
Baker, James T. Ayn Rand. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987.
Gladstein, Mimi Reisel. The Ayn Rand Companion. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1984.
Rand, Ayn. The Fountainhead. New York: The Bobs-Merril Company, 1971.
Sciabarra, Chris Matthew. “Ayn Rand.” American Writers. Litz, Walton A., ed. Supplement IV, Part II. New York: Charles Scriber’s Sons, 1996. 517-535.
Ybarra, Michael J. “Inside Story; Preserving the Fountainhead; Philosopher and Novelist Ayn Rand Died 16 Tears Ago. Yet Her Works Continue to Inspire New Converts to Her Beliefs on Freedom and Idealism; [Home Edition].” Los Angeles Times 16 August 1998: 20. Proquest Resource/One Full Text. Online. Proquest. <http.//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb> 31 October 2004.
(it's 7-some pages long double-spaced so keep that in mind)
What Makes a Randroid Tick?
A well-known saying goes, “Great minds think alike.” People believe that so much could be accomplished if they work together in a group. To some, nothing is better than sacrificing and committing oneself towards the greater good, but these people fail to recognize that it is the individuals who make up the group, not vice versa. One person who did indeed recognize this was the famous novelist Ayn Rand. The spirit of individualism, shaped by Ayn Rand's experiences in the Russian Revolution, can be seen in the themes of many of her novels.
Biography
Born the second of February 1905 in St. Petersburg, Russia, Ayn Rand’s birth name was Alissa Rosenbaum. Her father was a chemist and she was the eldest daughter of his three children (Baker 1). By birth, Rand (Rosenbaum) was Jewish (Baker 2). She received a private school education, and at age six, she could read and write (Baker 1). Rand then began to write stories, including her first story, “The Mysterious Valley.” Rand continued to write through World War I (Baker 2). In 1924, she graduated from the University of Petrograd (Gladstein 8).
The Russian Revolution of 1918 turned her world upside-down. “Her experiences strongly influenced her personal and intellectual revolution” (Sciabarra 518). The Bolshevik authorities nationalized her father’s business, and the Rosenbaum family’s standard of living dropped substantially. Rand and her family then fled to the Crimea (Baker 2). At this time in her life, she declared herself an atheist (Baker 3).
Ayn Rand fled the USSR for the United States in 1926 (Baker 8). In the US, Alissa Rosenbaum changed her name to Ayn Rand. She acquired her first name, Ayn (pronounced to rhyme with mine), from a Finnish writer she admired (Baker 4). Her last name, Rand, was taken from her Remington-Rand typewriter (Ybarra 3). Arriving in the US, she made her way to Hollywood, writing movie scenarios for the Cecil DeMille Studio (Baker 5). In 1927, Rand married her husband, Frank O’Connor (Baker 6).
Later in her life, she would go on to write novels, such as We the Living in 1936 (Baker 8). In 1943, Rand published her highly successful novel, The Fountainhead, and dedicated it to her husband (Baker 8). She would also go on to write Atlas Shrugged in 1957 (Baker 17). On 06 March 2004, Ayn Rand died at the age of seventy-eight years old (Gladstein 27-28). She remains buried next to her husband at Kensico Cemetery in New York (Gladstein 28).
Summary of Critiques
Ayn Rand’s novels share numerous common traits. They all deal with the same fundamental themes. Among these themes is the idea of rationalism (Baker 96). According to literary critic James T. Baker, rationalism “is closely linked to that of individualism” (97). A rationalist, always the individualist, will follow only his or her own mind, giving no heed to society’s values. “Her heroes are strong rather than merciful, resolute rather than considerate. Their most outstanding, decisive, unalterable characteristic is supreme egoism” (Baker 97).
Furthering her theme of rationalism is Rand’s theme of self-interest. It, along with self-confidence, both stem from man’s selfishness (Baker 97). Selfishness, according to Rand, does not involve the interruption of others and their work, whether or not to help or hinder. The selfish person is able to perform their productive labor “proudly and efficiently” (Baker 98). She found it upsetting that selfishness in this sense had a negative connotation, blaming this on altruism (Baker 97).
A prime example of altruism in Rand’s novels is collectivism. Quoting her, Baker saw Rand’s version of collectivism as “‘the obliteration of reason; psychologically, it is the erosion of ambition’” (109). Baker also states that lethargy and irrationality go hand-in-hand with collectivist doctrine (109-10). Exploring collectivism through her novels, Rand argued that its flaw came from how in it, man “exists not for himself but for others” (Baker 110).
Characters play a major part in the way Rand wrote her novels, such as serving as their guiding forces. “Characters are brought into dynamic conflict, leading to a triumphant resolution for . . . the ideals Rand celebrates” (Sciabarra 523). Sciabarra also states that Rand intended for her characters to represent specific human attributes and traits, and that these traits were emphasized “more sharply and consistently than human beings … Characters are motivated by essential ideas that are the core of their identity” (522). In the characters’ lives, Rand eliminated accidental elements of their roles so that she could focus more on their motivations (Sciabarra 522).
Literary critic Mimi Reisel Gladstein observed Rand’s use of characters’ names to indicate their personalities (22). These names can have both positive and negative connotations. (Gladstein 23). The male and female characters in Rand’s novels all share common characteristics. Males in Ayn Rand’s novels have predominantly grey eyes and hard and supple physiques. They are all straight, strong, and tall. Female characters, on the other hand, all possess an inner calm, a defiant demeanor, and slender physiques (Gladstein 22).
Rand’s novels are all set in a society where collectivism and/or altruism are the norm(s). This sense of collectivism and/or altruism has either destroyed a nation or the world or threatens to do so (Gladstein 21). Gladstein believes that all of Rand’s major works of literature follow a similar plot pattern (21). The protagonist, an able individual, battles against mediocrity and collectivism. Gladstein also notes that Rand’s novels are all imperfect, due to their highly ideological nature (29). The biases incurred by this ideology, however, have certain energy to them, one that met the needs of readers upon readers (Gladstein 29).
Sciabarra directly quotes Ayn Rand when discussing her specific writing style: “‘it is written as a man is born, an organic whole, dictated by only its own laws and its own necessity’” (523). Sciabarra also states that Ayn Rand was influenced greatly by fellow Russian and writer, Fyodor Dostoyevsky (518). Dostoyevsky’s influence over Rand is contradicted by Michael J Ybarra, who wrote that “Victor Hugo was the single writer who influenced her” (Ybarra 20).
Analysis
The Fountainhead follows the successes and failures of two architects: Howard Roark and Peter Keating. Roark is a man with radically new ideas about architecture, ideas that get him expelled from architecture school because he refuses to confine himself to more traditional styles. Although he acquires occasional architectural work, by the time his projects are finished, the design alienates those who contracted him for it, and in one extreme case sued. Peter Keating, on the other hand, conforms himself to traditional architecture, graduates at the top of his class and gains a position at the prestigious architectural firm of [Guy] Francon and [Lucius] Heyer. However, Keating becomes dependent on Roark to finish his projects, so dependant that he lets Roark create an entire housing project for him. Roark agrees to do this, upon the condition that nobody alters the plans at all. However, the plans are altered, and in response Roark dynamites the construction site. At his trial he gives a convincing defense for his actions, arguing his design (that of an individual’s) was perverted grotesquely to suit the “needs” and tastes of the collective. Roark won the court case, and later ended up opening his own architecture firm.
In Ayn Rand’s The Fountainhead, characters represent specific aspects she desired to emphasize or de-emphasize. Rand transferred traits of her own to Howard Roark. For example, Roark shows Rand’s egotist/individualist nature at his second trial. There, he spoke on behalf of egoism to defend his actions.
The egoist in the absolute sense is not the man who sacrifices others. He is the man who stands above the need of using others in any manner. He does not function through them. He is not concerned with them in any primary manner . . . he does not exist for any other man – and he asks no other man to exist for him. (Rand 682-83)
Rand also transferred her atheism onto Howard Roark. In a conversation with Mr. Hopton Stoddard, Roark openly admits this, saying, “I don’t believe in God” (Rand 320).
Peter Keating, although having a very successfully career, is a “slave” to Roark. Throughout the book, Keating relies on him to finish all his projects. He even admits this. “… I’m a parasite. You designed all my best projects …” (Rand 576). One could say that Peter Keating serves Mammon.
In the introduction to her book, Rand stated that she is an ardent capitalist (viii). News tycoon of the New York Banner, Gail Wynand, became the “success” he was through that economic system. He thought that he could manipulate public opinion through his position to help Howard Roark; however (Rand 624-25). Perhaps due to his power-hungry nature, Rand designated Wynand to be the “evil”/abusive side of capitalism (609). In the end, his campaign ended in failure (Rand 656). Eventually, He loses control of the Banner, implying that even abusive capitalists will fall in the end (Rand 645).
The Fountainhead begins in the year 1922, when Peter Keating graduates from the Stanton Institute of technology (Rand 17). Since the 20s were the heyday of skyscrapers, and Rand’s novel involves a great deal of architecture, it makes sense for The Fountainhead to take place during this era. The plot continues over the years, primarily in New York City (Rand 37). In New York City the plot develops greatly in architecture firms, places where architects draft and design future buildings like skyscrapers (Rand 38).
Ayn Rand wrote The Fountainhead from a 3rd-person perspective. She uses literary devices such as symbolism and similes. Such symbolic devices include skyscrapers and architects. Skyscrapers are symbolic of something to measure man’s ego and/or extent of his potential; the higher they rise, so do they. Such is the case with Howard Roark, who was commissioned to build the Wynand Building, a skyscraper to be the tallest building in New York City (Rand 693). Architects can be symbolic of society’s movers and shakers. Figuratively and literally, they are the “architects” of the future. Architect Howard Roark wished to design buildings to only his standards, thus shaping the future in his vision (Rand 19). Rand also makes use of similes to describe a character’s situation. While working at the drafting firm of Francon and Heyer, Roark wore a “prescribed pearl-gray smock like a prison uniform…” (Rand 90).
Rand’s diction has no major pattern to it. On one page, she may write a paragraph using primarily simple sentences: “He was alone now. The curtains were open. He stood looking at the city . . .” (Rand 392). On the next page, Rand may make use of more complex sentence structure in paragraphs, as well as simple sentences, using prepositional phrases, and participles; however.
After breakfast he went to his study. His desk was piled with every important newspaper, book and magazine received that morning from all over the country. He worked alone at his desk for three hours, reading and making brief notes with a large blue pencil across the printed pages . . . among the many hard rules imposed upon the employees … the hardest was the one demanding that no man pause in his work if Mr. Wynand entered the room, or notice his entrance … but they preferred three hours of overtime to ten minutes of working under his silent observation. (Rand 693)
Personal Critique
A major theme of The Fountainhead (and Rand’s other writings) is the individual versus the collective. It is increasingly common for the collective viewpoint to be argued, like with Noam Chomsky. Rand, arguing from the individual’s standpoint, presents an effective and convincing argument with The Fountainhead. It is effective because Rand presents the main aspect of collectivism, altruism (generally considered to be a positive force), as a negative force. “Every major horror of history was committed in the name of an altruistic motive” (Rand 684).
To convey her message, Rand used characters to individually represent her virtues and vices. In the context of the novel, these characters accomplished their objective to show their particular ideal as such. The one flaw that might be observed with Rand’s characters is that they are so steadfast in their opinions and beliefs. This could either help or hurt depending on the nature of the reader: he or she might find such a person as headstrong, due to their refusal to observe the other side’s viewpoint. The reader must keep in mind that the characters in The Fountainhead and their motives had to be simplified to what they were for Rand to convey her individualist message in the clearest way possible.
Some readers might find Rand’s diction confusing. While her sentence structures are coherent and understandable, some of her vocabulary can confuse readers. Rand’s vocabulary places an inherently negative connotation on altruism, a word considered to have a positive connotation. Also a potential disadvantage to Rand’s writing is that The Fountainhead is an extremely long novel. For those lacking a strong attention span, readers may be tempted to quit reading The Fountainhead. Even readers who finish it may have to go back and reread portions, due to the great level of detail contained in the novel.
What will happen to the world if people continue to establish a “hive mind”? Surely, the consequences cannot be good. Great minds were ones who thought for themselves, making a difference on their own in society. Without that entrepreneurial spirit, the world’s progress will stagnate and possible retrogress. Shaped by the author's experiences in the Russian Revolution, the spirit of individualism can be seen in the themes of many of Ayn Rand's novels.
Works Cited
Baker, James T. Ayn Rand. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987.
Gladstein, Mimi Reisel. The Ayn Rand Companion. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1984.
Rand, Ayn. The Fountainhead. New York: The Bobs-Merril Company, 1971.
Sciabarra, Chris Matthew. “Ayn Rand.” American Writers. Litz, Walton A., ed. Supplement IV, Part II. New York: Charles Scriber’s Sons, 1996. 517-535.
Ybarra, Michael J. “Inside Story; Preserving the Fountainhead; Philosopher and Novelist Ayn Rand Died 16 Tears Ago. Yet Her Works Continue to Inspire New Converts to Her Beliefs on Freedom and Idealism; [Home Edition].” Los Angeles Times 16 August 1998: 20. Proquest Resource/One Full Text. Online. Proquest. <http.//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb> 31 October 2004.