Largent
20-01-2006, 21:23
[ooc: Since none of my technological research was really worthy of any thread or RP, I'll just put all that stuff here. Note, some of the technical stuff may not make sense because its using certain Largentian measurements you wouldn't know about. Enjoy...]
Section 1 - Propulsion
The Reactionless Drive
The three generally used forms of Reactionless drive are Diametric Field Drive, Pitch Field Drive, and Bias Field Drive. As with all types of ship drive, Each has specific advantages and disadvantages.
Energy for the drive is "borrowed" from the vacuum - a ship on inertial drive colliding with another mass is not going to do much more damage than a normal crash as it does not posses any additional kinetic energy.
Reactionless drive fields enable extreme accelerations with usually minor forces on the ship. Accelerations of 10 to 100 G range (even greater in some very sophisticated craft) are possible, although this depends on the size and power of the drive unit and exotic matter core in relation to the ship's overall mass, and large freighters and civilization ships have a much lower acceleration.
Acceleration results in inertial effects which are not very comfortable, but various adjustments of the fields dampen them to livable levels. The most sophisticated drives do this so well that one traveling on the vessel does not notice anything. On the other hand, some drives have tidal forces that are extreme and unshieldable.
Rapid acceleration, where manageable, enables a much quicker and easier relativistic transit; a vessel may take only a few hours, or even a few days, to accelerate to relativistic velocity, and to conversely accelerate at the other end of the journey. Militarily also, reactionless drive led to a revolution in battlefield tactics, such as the "modern" sneak-rush-dodge tactics, and butterfly flight, wildly predictable fluttering of the acceleration vector that makes the ship hard to hit but also very noticeable and energy consuming.
Reactionless drive is extremely costly in terms of both exotic ('negative') matter and high level (> S4) hyperturings, each of which is because of such a high S level unpredictable (and hence likely to suddenly aquire a high R and/or P rating of sentience at the most inopportune moments). For this reason it is used only by government couriers, certain emergency services, the military, big corporations, luxury liners, and long-range scouts and explorer vessels.
Because of the improvements and advancements in reactionless drive technologies, hyperspace technologies have experienced new developments as well. In the past, due to the fact that hyperspace was a different plane of space, reaction based drive systems were unable to provide propulsion while the ship was in hyperspace, thus, forcing ships to rely upon the natural "currents" of hyperspace to take them to their destination. Such reliance resulted in unreliable Faster Than Light travel. In addition, there was also a tactically disadvantageous side effect (the "zero impulse" phenomenon) where ships exiting hyperspace would enter normal space at a dead stop. Now, with reactionless drive systems, ships are able to continue accelerating during hyperspace transitions and even in hyperspace, allowing for greater hyperspace speeds and no tactical side effect.
--Tech. Note- such powerful engines are monitored by AI so that nothing goes tragically wrong. S levels are the levels of tuning needed to run smoothly. Faster the engine: higher the tuning. R/P levels are measures of sentience (R/P 1-7).
Types of Drives
Diametric Drive - Data Panel
Basic Propulsion: Reactionless
Specific Impulse: n/a
Reaction Mass: n/a
Matter Manipulation: Space-Time
Controller required: while drive operation requires only subordinate non-sentient routines, a dedicated hyperturing ai are recommended to supervise exotic matter stability.
Used in: relativistic warships, ultratech fighters, relativistic commercial liners, relativistic traders and freighters, luxury yatchs (rare)
Advantages: no need for reaction mass, simplicity (relative to Bias drive), extremely high acceleration
Disadvantages: expensive
Construction Costs: Expensive (precision picotech, and incorporation and stabilisation of planktech negative matter)
Running cost: most costs involve replacing the eroded shielding, which can be expensive. Otherwise running costs are moderate
Normal Acceleration: 50 to 100G - more in specialized vessels
Normal top/crusing speed relativistic; limited only by shielding efficiency
Comments
The Diametric Drive employs negative matter to achieve propulsion without expenditure of reaction mass. Negative matter is produced in ultra dense form for use in drive construction. It can also be used for wormhole construction.
Depending on the ratio of positive to negative matter employed and the amount of mass involved there are three classes of Diametric Drive in use in the galaxy.
Class One Diametric Drive:
The Class One Diametric Drive employs an amount of negative matter equal in mass to the positive mass of the ship, cargo and crew. Standard drives use a modular design that allows the amount of negative matter to be tailored to the amount of positive mass aboard the ship. Typically the negative matter is linked electro-magnetically to the ship. When the drive is engaged electromagnetic forces are used to pull the mass of negative matter toward the rear of the vessel. Due to the contrary inertial and gravitational characteristics of negative mass, this cause the negative matter to move toward the front of the ship at a rate proportional to the force being applied, dragging it forward in the process. Acceleration is mostly limited only by the amount of stress that the passengers and cargo can withstand.
Class Two Diametric Drive:
The Class Two Diametric Drive employs an amount of negative matter massing less than the positive mass of the ship. Application of electromagnetic forces to the negative matter in the manner of the Class One drive causes it to move forward at an exponentially increasing rate, which causes the acceleration of the ship to increase exponentially as well. Typically the Class Two drive is only used on solid state vessels and automated probes.
Class Three Diametric Drive:
The Class Three Diametric Drive uses ultra dense positive and negative masses to permit a vessel to achieve high acceleration while still protecting its passengers and cargo from acceleration forces. The drive consists of two large, ultra massive rings (standard design +/- mass 1012 tons, 100g max acceleration) gravitationally coupled to each other with the spacecraft habitation module suspended electro magnetically between them. The positive matter ring is positioned at the front of the craft while the negative matter ring is at the rear. The positive matter ring causes the negative matter ring to accelerate toward it while the negative matter ring causes the positive ring to accelerate away from it. The rings are moved closer or farther apart to increase or reduce acceleration. At the same time the positive matter ring pulls on the habitation module with a force of 50g while the negative matter ring pushes on the habitation module with a force of 50g canceling out the pull of the positive matter ring. Both of these forces combine to cancel the 100g inertial force of acceleration of the drive.
Note: The acceleration cancellation and balancing zone of a Class Three drive is only a few meters across at maximum acceleration. Increasing the zone of inertial cancellation will decrease acceleration and therefore drive performance.
Typically vessels equipped with Class Three drives will employ stasis or hibernation equipment during initial acceleration to minimize cabin crowding. Once the ship has approached maximum cruise speed the drive rings are moved apart, reducing acceleration but providing a much larger area of onboard acceleration balance for the crew to inhabit during the journey.
Pitch drive - Data Panel
Basic Propulsion: Reactionless
Specific Impulse: n/a
Reaction Mass: n/a
Matter Manipulation: Space-Time
Controller required: while drive operation requires only subordinate non-sentient routines, a dedicated ai is necessary to maintain ring equilibrium and stability during hyperfast rotation
Used in: relativistic warships, ultratech fighters, relativistic commercial liners, relativistic traders and freighters (rare).
Advantages: no need for reaction mass, simplicity (relative to Bias drive), extremely high acceleration
Disadvantages: Tidal forces when drive in operation
Construction Costs: Expensive (precision picotech elements, ultradense matter, dedicated hyperturing controller)
Running cost: most costs involve replacing the eroded shielding, which can be expensive. Otherwise running costs are reasonable
Normal Acceleration: 50G, maximum 100G to 400G
Normal top/crusing speed: relativistic; limited only by shielding efficiency
Bias Drive - Data Panel
Basic Propulsion: Reactionless
Specific Impulse: n/a
Reaction Mass: n/a
Matter Manipulation: Space-Time
Controller required: dedicated hyperturing, with subordinate non-sentient routines
Used in: relativistic warships, relativistic commercial liners (rare),
Advantages: no need for reaction mass, extremely high acceleration
Disadvantages: most sophisticated of all reactionless drives, depends on dedicated post-hyperturing, singularity at drive core makes the Bias drive less reliable than the Diametric or Pitch drive
Construction Costs: Extremely expensive (precision femtotech, quark matter, high level (post-hyperturing) dedicated controller)
Running cost: most costs involve replacing the eroded shielding, which can be expensive. Otherwise running costs are reasonable
Normal Acceleration: 300G, up to 1000G maximum
Normal Top/Cruising Speed relativistic; limited only by shielding efficiency
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reaction Drives
Standard GUT drive - Data Panel
Basic Propulsion: Reaction
Specific Impulse: 0.5 - 10 million (depending on efficency of conversion; ideally up to 30 million)
Reaction Mass: any baryonic matter (most commonly hydrogen)
Controller required: dedicated hyperturing, with subordinate non-sentient routines
Used in: relativistic warships, large fighters, relativistic commercial liners, sub-relativistic to relativistic middle to large scale freighters, luxury yachts, high grade exploration probes
Advantages: very high efficency, can use any baryonic matter
Disadvantages: large heavy drive unit, can be unstable, requires careful slaved hyperturing maintenance
Construction Costs: Expensive (dedicated hyperturing controller)
Running cost: Fairly cheap
Normal Acceleration: up to 5G
normal top/crusing speed 0.8 C, but good (mostly higher toposphic) GUTships can reach high relativistic velocities
Drive details:
All of the main power generation systems rely on converting matter into more tightly bound forms. During this process, the "binding energy" is released, and it's that which we use. For example, hydroelectric power works on gravitational binding energy - the water falls, becomes more tightly bound to the Earth, and releases energy in the form of kinetic energy which we use to drive turbines. Burning hydrocarbons or other molecular reactants works by making states that are more tightly bound by the electromagnetic force. Nuclear fission and fusion work by making more tightly bound nuclei, exploiting the fact there's a binding energy maximum around iron so we can fuse small nuclei or fission large nuclei to make more tightly bound states and release heat.
The basic GUT reactor works in the same sort of way, but with grand unified force binding energies. The thing with the exchange of X and Y grand unified bosons ("leptoquarks") is that they interconvert quarks and leptons. GUT reactors ususally use a type of catalysed proton decay reactor - atomic nuclei are fed into extreme reaction conditions in the reactor core which then outputs positrons and neutral pions. The kinetic energy of the positrons is captured, and finally they are annihilated through combining them with electrons to squeeze out the last bit of rest mass energy, while the pions decay into gamma rays. Some of the energy is then used to keep the reaction conditions right.
The GUT drive and antimatter drive have the same sorts of characteristics, because one is converting protons and electrons by various steps into gamma rays and the other is converting protons, antiprotons, electrons and positrons into gamma rays. The difference is that with an antimatter drive one needs to produce antimatter first
The advantage of amat drives is that they are much simpler - one does not need the large and complex proton decay reactor. Some GUT-ships use some of the proton decay energy to produce antimatter to power missiles or remotes.
Amat drives turn matter+antimatter into energy and GUT drives turn matter into energy. The latter is a very important step forward. For example, to refuel an antimatter ship away from amat supplies requires fusing large amounts of hydrogen to produce small amounts of antimatter. To refuel a GUT ship, you just fill the tanks with hydrogen, which is a huge advantage.
Femtotech GUT drive - Data Panel[i]
Basic Propulsion: Reaction
Specific Impulse: up to 30 million
Reaction Mass: any baryonic matter (most commonly hydrogen)
Controller required: dedicated high toposophic hyperturing, with subordinate non-sentient routines
Used in: weaponry, advanced relativistic probes, advanced relativistic ships
Advantages: very safe, can be any size (even nanoscopic), almost total efficency, can use any baryonic matter, very high isp enables sub-relativistic and relativistic velocity
Disadvantages: expensive, rare
Running cost: Extremely cheap
Normal Acceleration: 5G to >30 G)
normal top/crusing speed 0.9 C to high relativistic velocities
Drive Details: works by precision application of bosons to individual nucleons. A femtotech GUT reactor is much smaller and more efficient than a standard ultratetch GUT reactor
[i]TOE drive - Data Panel
Basic Propulsion: Reaction
Specific Impulse: up to 30 million
Reaction Mass: any baryonic matter (most commonly hydrogen)
Controller required: dedicated high hyperturing, with subordinate non-sentient routines
Advantages: almost total efficency, can use any baryonic matter, very high isp enables sub-relativistic and relativistic velocity, control over emission products without sacrificing efficency
Disadvantages: expensive
Construction Costs: Expensive
Running cost: Extremely cheap
Normal Acceleration: 5G to >30 G)
normal top/crusing speed 0.9 C to high relativistic velocities
Drive Details At its most basic a TOE drive consist of three major components: The reaction chamber, the accelerator array and the ai controller.
Section 1 - Propulsion
The Reactionless Drive
The three generally used forms of Reactionless drive are Diametric Field Drive, Pitch Field Drive, and Bias Field Drive. As with all types of ship drive, Each has specific advantages and disadvantages.
Energy for the drive is "borrowed" from the vacuum - a ship on inertial drive colliding with another mass is not going to do much more damage than a normal crash as it does not posses any additional kinetic energy.
Reactionless drive fields enable extreme accelerations with usually minor forces on the ship. Accelerations of 10 to 100 G range (even greater in some very sophisticated craft) are possible, although this depends on the size and power of the drive unit and exotic matter core in relation to the ship's overall mass, and large freighters and civilization ships have a much lower acceleration.
Acceleration results in inertial effects which are not very comfortable, but various adjustments of the fields dampen them to livable levels. The most sophisticated drives do this so well that one traveling on the vessel does not notice anything. On the other hand, some drives have tidal forces that are extreme and unshieldable.
Rapid acceleration, where manageable, enables a much quicker and easier relativistic transit; a vessel may take only a few hours, or even a few days, to accelerate to relativistic velocity, and to conversely accelerate at the other end of the journey. Militarily also, reactionless drive led to a revolution in battlefield tactics, such as the "modern" sneak-rush-dodge tactics, and butterfly flight, wildly predictable fluttering of the acceleration vector that makes the ship hard to hit but also very noticeable and energy consuming.
Reactionless drive is extremely costly in terms of both exotic ('negative') matter and high level (> S4) hyperturings, each of which is because of such a high S level unpredictable (and hence likely to suddenly aquire a high R and/or P rating of sentience at the most inopportune moments). For this reason it is used only by government couriers, certain emergency services, the military, big corporations, luxury liners, and long-range scouts and explorer vessels.
Because of the improvements and advancements in reactionless drive technologies, hyperspace technologies have experienced new developments as well. In the past, due to the fact that hyperspace was a different plane of space, reaction based drive systems were unable to provide propulsion while the ship was in hyperspace, thus, forcing ships to rely upon the natural "currents" of hyperspace to take them to their destination. Such reliance resulted in unreliable Faster Than Light travel. In addition, there was also a tactically disadvantageous side effect (the "zero impulse" phenomenon) where ships exiting hyperspace would enter normal space at a dead stop. Now, with reactionless drive systems, ships are able to continue accelerating during hyperspace transitions and even in hyperspace, allowing for greater hyperspace speeds and no tactical side effect.
--Tech. Note- such powerful engines are monitored by AI so that nothing goes tragically wrong. S levels are the levels of tuning needed to run smoothly. Faster the engine: higher the tuning. R/P levels are measures of sentience (R/P 1-7).
Types of Drives
Diametric Drive - Data Panel
Basic Propulsion: Reactionless
Specific Impulse: n/a
Reaction Mass: n/a
Matter Manipulation: Space-Time
Controller required: while drive operation requires only subordinate non-sentient routines, a dedicated hyperturing ai are recommended to supervise exotic matter stability.
Used in: relativistic warships, ultratech fighters, relativistic commercial liners, relativistic traders and freighters, luxury yatchs (rare)
Advantages: no need for reaction mass, simplicity (relative to Bias drive), extremely high acceleration
Disadvantages: expensive
Construction Costs: Expensive (precision picotech, and incorporation and stabilisation of planktech negative matter)
Running cost: most costs involve replacing the eroded shielding, which can be expensive. Otherwise running costs are moderate
Normal Acceleration: 50 to 100G - more in specialized vessels
Normal top/crusing speed relativistic; limited only by shielding efficiency
Comments
The Diametric Drive employs negative matter to achieve propulsion without expenditure of reaction mass. Negative matter is produced in ultra dense form for use in drive construction. It can also be used for wormhole construction.
Depending on the ratio of positive to negative matter employed and the amount of mass involved there are three classes of Diametric Drive in use in the galaxy.
Class One Diametric Drive:
The Class One Diametric Drive employs an amount of negative matter equal in mass to the positive mass of the ship, cargo and crew. Standard drives use a modular design that allows the amount of negative matter to be tailored to the amount of positive mass aboard the ship. Typically the negative matter is linked electro-magnetically to the ship. When the drive is engaged electromagnetic forces are used to pull the mass of negative matter toward the rear of the vessel. Due to the contrary inertial and gravitational characteristics of negative mass, this cause the negative matter to move toward the front of the ship at a rate proportional to the force being applied, dragging it forward in the process. Acceleration is mostly limited only by the amount of stress that the passengers and cargo can withstand.
Class Two Diametric Drive:
The Class Two Diametric Drive employs an amount of negative matter massing less than the positive mass of the ship. Application of electromagnetic forces to the negative matter in the manner of the Class One drive causes it to move forward at an exponentially increasing rate, which causes the acceleration of the ship to increase exponentially as well. Typically the Class Two drive is only used on solid state vessels and automated probes.
Class Three Diametric Drive:
The Class Three Diametric Drive uses ultra dense positive and negative masses to permit a vessel to achieve high acceleration while still protecting its passengers and cargo from acceleration forces. The drive consists of two large, ultra massive rings (standard design +/- mass 1012 tons, 100g max acceleration) gravitationally coupled to each other with the spacecraft habitation module suspended electro magnetically between them. The positive matter ring is positioned at the front of the craft while the negative matter ring is at the rear. The positive matter ring causes the negative matter ring to accelerate toward it while the negative matter ring causes the positive ring to accelerate away from it. The rings are moved closer or farther apart to increase or reduce acceleration. At the same time the positive matter ring pulls on the habitation module with a force of 50g while the negative matter ring pushes on the habitation module with a force of 50g canceling out the pull of the positive matter ring. Both of these forces combine to cancel the 100g inertial force of acceleration of the drive.
Note: The acceleration cancellation and balancing zone of a Class Three drive is only a few meters across at maximum acceleration. Increasing the zone of inertial cancellation will decrease acceleration and therefore drive performance.
Typically vessels equipped with Class Three drives will employ stasis or hibernation equipment during initial acceleration to minimize cabin crowding. Once the ship has approached maximum cruise speed the drive rings are moved apart, reducing acceleration but providing a much larger area of onboard acceleration balance for the crew to inhabit during the journey.
Pitch drive - Data Panel
Basic Propulsion: Reactionless
Specific Impulse: n/a
Reaction Mass: n/a
Matter Manipulation: Space-Time
Controller required: while drive operation requires only subordinate non-sentient routines, a dedicated ai is necessary to maintain ring equilibrium and stability during hyperfast rotation
Used in: relativistic warships, ultratech fighters, relativistic commercial liners, relativistic traders and freighters (rare).
Advantages: no need for reaction mass, simplicity (relative to Bias drive), extremely high acceleration
Disadvantages: Tidal forces when drive in operation
Construction Costs: Expensive (precision picotech elements, ultradense matter, dedicated hyperturing controller)
Running cost: most costs involve replacing the eroded shielding, which can be expensive. Otherwise running costs are reasonable
Normal Acceleration: 50G, maximum 100G to 400G
Normal top/crusing speed: relativistic; limited only by shielding efficiency
Bias Drive - Data Panel
Basic Propulsion: Reactionless
Specific Impulse: n/a
Reaction Mass: n/a
Matter Manipulation: Space-Time
Controller required: dedicated hyperturing, with subordinate non-sentient routines
Used in: relativistic warships, relativistic commercial liners (rare),
Advantages: no need for reaction mass, extremely high acceleration
Disadvantages: most sophisticated of all reactionless drives, depends on dedicated post-hyperturing, singularity at drive core makes the Bias drive less reliable than the Diametric or Pitch drive
Construction Costs: Extremely expensive (precision femtotech, quark matter, high level (post-hyperturing) dedicated controller)
Running cost: most costs involve replacing the eroded shielding, which can be expensive. Otherwise running costs are reasonable
Normal Acceleration: 300G, up to 1000G maximum
Normal Top/Cruising Speed relativistic; limited only by shielding efficiency
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reaction Drives
Standard GUT drive - Data Panel
Basic Propulsion: Reaction
Specific Impulse: 0.5 - 10 million (depending on efficency of conversion; ideally up to 30 million)
Reaction Mass: any baryonic matter (most commonly hydrogen)
Controller required: dedicated hyperturing, with subordinate non-sentient routines
Used in: relativistic warships, large fighters, relativistic commercial liners, sub-relativistic to relativistic middle to large scale freighters, luxury yachts, high grade exploration probes
Advantages: very high efficency, can use any baryonic matter
Disadvantages: large heavy drive unit, can be unstable, requires careful slaved hyperturing maintenance
Construction Costs: Expensive (dedicated hyperturing controller)
Running cost: Fairly cheap
Normal Acceleration: up to 5G
normal top/crusing speed 0.8 C, but good (mostly higher toposphic) GUTships can reach high relativistic velocities
Drive details:
All of the main power generation systems rely on converting matter into more tightly bound forms. During this process, the "binding energy" is released, and it's that which we use. For example, hydroelectric power works on gravitational binding energy - the water falls, becomes more tightly bound to the Earth, and releases energy in the form of kinetic energy which we use to drive turbines. Burning hydrocarbons or other molecular reactants works by making states that are more tightly bound by the electromagnetic force. Nuclear fission and fusion work by making more tightly bound nuclei, exploiting the fact there's a binding energy maximum around iron so we can fuse small nuclei or fission large nuclei to make more tightly bound states and release heat.
The basic GUT reactor works in the same sort of way, but with grand unified force binding energies. The thing with the exchange of X and Y grand unified bosons ("leptoquarks") is that they interconvert quarks and leptons. GUT reactors ususally use a type of catalysed proton decay reactor - atomic nuclei are fed into extreme reaction conditions in the reactor core which then outputs positrons and neutral pions. The kinetic energy of the positrons is captured, and finally they are annihilated through combining them with electrons to squeeze out the last bit of rest mass energy, while the pions decay into gamma rays. Some of the energy is then used to keep the reaction conditions right.
The GUT drive and antimatter drive have the same sorts of characteristics, because one is converting protons and electrons by various steps into gamma rays and the other is converting protons, antiprotons, electrons and positrons into gamma rays. The difference is that with an antimatter drive one needs to produce antimatter first
The advantage of amat drives is that they are much simpler - one does not need the large and complex proton decay reactor. Some GUT-ships use some of the proton decay energy to produce antimatter to power missiles or remotes.
Amat drives turn matter+antimatter into energy and GUT drives turn matter into energy. The latter is a very important step forward. For example, to refuel an antimatter ship away from amat supplies requires fusing large amounts of hydrogen to produce small amounts of antimatter. To refuel a GUT ship, you just fill the tanks with hydrogen, which is a huge advantage.
Femtotech GUT drive - Data Panel[i]
Basic Propulsion: Reaction
Specific Impulse: up to 30 million
Reaction Mass: any baryonic matter (most commonly hydrogen)
Controller required: dedicated high toposophic hyperturing, with subordinate non-sentient routines
Used in: weaponry, advanced relativistic probes, advanced relativistic ships
Advantages: very safe, can be any size (even nanoscopic), almost total efficency, can use any baryonic matter, very high isp enables sub-relativistic and relativistic velocity
Disadvantages: expensive, rare
Running cost: Extremely cheap
Normal Acceleration: 5G to >30 G)
normal top/crusing speed 0.9 C to high relativistic velocities
Drive Details: works by precision application of bosons to individual nucleons. A femtotech GUT reactor is much smaller and more efficient than a standard ultratetch GUT reactor
[i]TOE drive - Data Panel
Basic Propulsion: Reaction
Specific Impulse: up to 30 million
Reaction Mass: any baryonic matter (most commonly hydrogen)
Controller required: dedicated high hyperturing, with subordinate non-sentient routines
Advantages: almost total efficency, can use any baryonic matter, very high isp enables sub-relativistic and relativistic velocity, control over emission products without sacrificing efficency
Disadvantages: expensive
Construction Costs: Expensive
Running cost: Extremely cheap
Normal Acceleration: 5G to >30 G)
normal top/crusing speed 0.9 C to high relativistic velocities
Drive Details At its most basic a TOE drive consist of three major components: The reaction chamber, the accelerator array and the ai controller.