NationStates Jolt Archive


History of New Genoa

New Genoa
29-08-2004, 02:10
The island republic of New Genoa has had a long and storied history, just like any other region or nation. From the early years of Ancient New Genoa (known as Ethericos to its inhabitants) to the rise of the Empire of Kallium to the colonisation by the Roman Empire to the spread of Italian influence to the colonisation by the Pacifican Empire to the New Genoese War of Independence up until modern times, the peoples of New Genoa have blended cultural ideas and bonded. This guide will cover all of it extensively and in-depth. Language, culture, and military organisation/tactics will all be included.

Table of Contents

Ancient Ethericos Overview (http://forums2.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=6896517)

Empire of Kallium (http://forums2.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=6896521)

Roman Era (http://forums2.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=6896524)

Italian Era (http://forums2.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=6896531)

Pacifican Era (http://forums2.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=6896537)

Four Republics Era (http://forums2.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=6896542)

Modern Era (http://forums2.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=6896547)

Maps and Miscellaneous (http://forums2.jolt.co.uk/showpost.php?p=6896550)
New Genoa
29-08-2004, 02:10
Ancient Ethericos Overview
New Genoa
29-08-2004, 02:11
The Empire of Kallium

http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v211/alman9898/random2/Image1.jpg
The Kallite Imperial Flag

HISTORY

coming soon

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GOVERNMENT

Structure
The Imperial Kallite government was structured in different layers all of whom were subject to the supreme ruler of the nation, the Emperor. The Emperor had supreme power; he could relieve or appoint any minister he wanted at any time of the day, week, month, or year, no questions asked.

When the Emperor took to the throne, he would appoint six main ministers: his personal advisor, Minister of Trade, Minister of the Military, Minister of the Treasury, Minister of Domestic Affairs, and Minister of Foreign Affairs. Other ministers would be appointed to handle more specific jobs; however, the main ministers would be given the task to appoint these men with the approval of the Emperor. Other ministries would be Minister of Sea Trade, Minister of the Southsan, and Minister of Immigration and Emigration. There were hundreds of different ministries, and each province had its own set of ministers as well.

In addition to appointing ministers, the Emperor would appoint governors of the provinces of Kallium. Usually, if the current governor had been doing a superb job, the Emperor would re-appoint him as governor of that province. However, there are cases in which the Emperor had enemies in the provinical governments; thus, he would appoint friendly governors. Governors would appoint ministers as well, approved by the Emperor. Governal ministers would appoint more ministers as well, approved by first the governor and then the Emperor. Each province also had six appointed representatives (appointed and approved by their governor) who would meet with the Emperor every other week to discuss provincial affairs.

While there may have been thousands upon thousand of various government officials running about, handling different affairs, it still remains true that the Emperor and only the Emperor would have the final say in matters. His power was limitless; there were no checks and balances in the ancient Imperial Kallite government. If the Emperor wished to abolish all ministry offices, he could do so. If he wished to outlaw immigration and/or emigration, he could do so. All national laws and sometimes controversial provinical laws would first need to be approved by him. He could repeal these laws at any time without any process. His word was the law of the land.

Law & Order
Around the year 101 BCE, ancient Kallites developed an official code of written laws, dubbed the "Laws of the Land." There were thirteen of these laws, each detailing the law itself and the punishment of the said law. Among these laws were ways to deal with murder, theft, seditious speech, and treason. Most punishments for petty offenses would result in a public whipping or beating or possibly (if you were wealthy and lucky) a fine. Most "severe" offenses would result in death "by the spear." This phrase was coined around 56 BCE. "By the spear" refers to what would happen to criminals after they had been executed. First, to torture the criminal for his or her crimes, they would be hung upside down by their feet (without food or water) in public until they died from either the blood rushing to their brain or starvation or dehydration. Next, the body would be taken down and impaled with a spear [through their midsection]. The speared body would be "nailed" into the trunk of a tree, their hands and legs tied tightly around the tree as well -- spear still intact (the spear is what was actually "nailed" into the bark). Bypassers were free to desecrate or graffiti the rotting corpses so long as they did not take the bodies down and bury them.

Trials, at first, were only held for wealthy landowners and lawyers could only be afforded by the richest of citizens. Juries appeared circa 13 BCE; before then three judges would decide the accused's fate. Nevertheless, in all trials, you were "guilty until proven innocent." Prosecutors almost always had the upper hand, which was the purpose of this system. They wanted the accused to be convicted. It was quite rare for someone to be acquitted. Later on during 31 CE, common folks were granted the right to trial by jury. However, lawyers would not be appointed to those who couldn't afford them. In those cases, the accused would need to represent themselves. There are several documented cases of lawyers defending a poorer person for free -- these were usually publicity stunts to gain attention and the admiration of the public.

Each city and town also had a group of "police officers" called the Xuu. They would administer the public whippings and beatings and arrest certain criminals and throw them into jail. At its height, the city of Kallium had over 13,000 Xuu in over 7,000 "police houses." The Xuu were also the firemen of the cities. They carried with them a short sword, a crested helm, a whip, and shackles.

The Emperor
As discussed in the Structure section, the Emperor had supreme power to do whatever he pleased. The title of Emperor was hereditary and only men could be Emperor. The laws forbidding polygamy did not apply to the Emperor and he could have as many wives (or husbands) as he so pleased. The first-born son would be the one to inherit the throne after his death. However, if his first-born son had died, the next son in line would inherit the throne. If the Emperor had no sons, his oldest sibling would inherit the throne. If he had no siblings, his closest kin would inherit the throne.

The Emperor resided in magnificent palace in the city of Kallium. Thousands of slaves and servants would be at his service and a specially trained battalion of Xuu would serve as his personal guard for when he delivered speeches to the public. Emperors would often deliver an annual "State of the Union"-type speech although this was done only by tradition. Earlier Emperors would lead armies; however, most of the middle and later Emperors allowed their best generals to do their fighting. Generals with many important victories attributed to them would be gifted well.

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MILITARY

Command Structure

Arms and Armour

Battle Tactics

Army Composition

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CULTURE

Religion
Over its long history, the people ancient Kallium has developed, mixed, and adopted several different religions. Religion in ancient Kallite life was very important; the irreligious would often be stoned to death by angry mobs for blasphemy. However, each era of Kallite history brought with it a "dominant" religion. While the government was officially secular, "outside" religions were often looked upon with great scorn. They were criticized for being malevolent "cults." There is a great deal of archaeological evidence dating back to Kallite times describing the public's attitude towards "minority" religions.

Like a pack of hungry wolves, they descended upon their prey: the various sects of Amadism, Valism, and Cherublin. They carried with them burning torches, lit with fury, and clubs and maces.

"Blasphemy!" the firebrands growled, planting the seeds of discontent among the easily swayed masses.
"Burn them! Bash their heads! Tear their limbs off and feed them to the hounds!"

Disillusioned rantings and raves, they were more like a tribe of hungry barbarians than civilized folk and their actions were more horrendous and hideous than one can even describe. Women, men, and children were beaten to death with steel-spiked clubs beyond recognition, their cold blood turning the the foamy streams a dark red; their homes torched and set ablaze for the public to gawk at with gleaming eyes. Aye, 'tis the days of barbarism and hypocrisy we live in and they...
In this excerpt of Anneros's Hypocrisy, he mentions several "sects" of religion. Amadism, Valism, and Cherublin were all very popular "cults" from around 56 BCE to 13 CE. During this timeframe, the Kallites were predominantly a polytheistic religion known as Varanganism. Varanganism gained popularity and prestige around 194 BCE, ousting the ancient tribal beliefs that dominated the then small city-state of Kallium. Varanganism centers around six central gods and three less important whom live high atop the mountains to the north. Myth states that these six gods, also known as the Varanganos, decreed when they created man (from the snow of the Northern Mountains, sand from the Southern Beaches, water from Lake Genoa, and leaves from the Great Forests) that ye shall follow these three laws set down by the great king of kings, he who reigns mightily above the heavens. This is a direct reference to Yananop, the king of the gods, and the three central laws that all Varangans must follow if they wish to reach salvation when they die. These laws are: make a daily sacrifice to the gods, visit the temple at least twice a day, and never worship no other gods than the Varanganos. If a human followed these three laws throughout his or her life, he or she would be saved after death. Those who did not follow these laws were said to be sent to the festering lands below where no sun shines, no seedling grows, where no rain falls, and where no man dears open his eyes for he shall be instantly blinded by the horror that is.... This is a very vague reference to the land the ancient Kallites called Gerruxushum, or hell. It is a bleak land, and as other inscriptions tell us, riddled with demons and other hideous monsters who torture human beings for all eternity. Varanganism eventually died out around 52 CE (although it did continue as a small "cult" for about one hundred more years) with the rise of a new religion.

Varanganism eventually lost popularity due to constant criticisms of its followers by various Kallite philosophers. The Romans, too, were disgusted when they saw first hand some of the injustices done upon followers of various cults. With the fall of Varanganism, the ancient Kallites gradually began to adopt a new religion called Havuxutxutism. Havuxutxutism began to gain popularity around 11 CE and was immediately branded by Varangans as an irreligious cult. However, the Havus persevered and established various temples and monasteries along the trade routes between Kallium and the Abbos tribes of the northwest. These monasteries and temples also acted as rest stops for weary merchants. As the merchants began to associate with the Havu temples and priests, they began adopt Havu beliefs. Most merchants and traders were attracted to Havuxutxutism because its central god figure also happens to be the god of trade. Varanganism has no god of trade. Havuxutxutism's god of trade offers protection to merchants who worship him at least twice a year: one visit to a temple and one ritual sacrifice and feast in his honor is all that he requests from merchants and traders. When profits began to increase for these merchants (probably because the new inflow of goods from Blaine Island into the various northern trade centers), the merchants immediately began to rapidly convert. As the merchants traveled, they brought the idea of Havuxutxutism to the tribal peoples they interacted with. When they returned from their travels, they would tell their friends of the riches attained from their recent trips all because of their worship of Oht (god of trade). The religion spread like wildfire eventually making the Varangans minority and the Havus the majority. However, hypocrisy once again reared its ugly head and ancient Kallites reverted to old traditions as they stoned and burned heretics and peoples from various "cults" once again. Havuxutxutism, in addition to Oht, had two sub-gods who served beneath him: his wife and sister, Mau, and his brother Rau. Myth dictates that Oht, Mau, and Rau murdered their parents, Vai and Yai, after overhearing their plans to eradicate mankind and replace them with an unnamed race (to this day, scholars haven't found any sources indicating the characteristics of this race; myth only provides vague hints). Oht, Mau, and Rau who had taken a liking to mankind, strangled their parents while they slept that night. After the murder, Oht bestowed upon mankind many gifts -- especially to ancient merchants, who returned his generosity with sacrifice and praise. Soon after Oht married his sister Mau, although myth states that he had many affairs with human mistresses -- more specifically, he had 22 illegitimate children. Ancient Havuxutxutism does not offer an official moral stance concerning adultery, though many Havu theologians came to the conclusion that adultery is morally wrong, but not an offense that would earn one a stay in Gerruxushum. Gerruxushum, as you may remember, is hell in ancient Varanganism. It is also hell in Havuxutxutism. Hell in Havuxutxutism is more a metaphorical place than a literal one -- punishments deal more with mental and emotional pain rather than physical pain from vicious monsters. There is also a "heaven" in Havuxutxutism, which is described as being a full of snow white clouds, lush green grass, and the sweet scents of all the seasons. There is no physical suffering in "heaven" (referred to as the Eternal Fields); however, one may experience emotional pain. The gods can eject someone from the Eternal Fields at any time for any reason from which they are damned to Gerruxushum for all as long as the gods see fit -- usually eternity.

Havuxutxutism lasted as the dominant religion of Kallium for over 1,000 years. However, inconsistencies in many myths and writings combined with a brand new popular cult forced the end of the religion. In and around 1072 CE, the new cult known as Umberanism had began to attract many young Kallites. Umberanism is easily comparable to Buddhism. It has no transcendent god, heaven, or hell. However, Umberans do believe in the idea of reincarnation and the idea that one will be continuingly reincarnated until one has achieved total peace and understanding of life and death. Many scholars are puzzled by the many striking resemblances to Buddhism and some even contest that Buddhist trade ships from Southeast Asia were shipwrecked somewhere along the coasts of Genoa Island around 900 CE, an small island to the northeast of ancient Ethericos (now New Genoa Island). It is believed that these Buddhist trade ships preached to the local and taught the teachings of Buddha to the many Tropic Tribes of Genoa Island. After successfully setting up several monasteries and temples, they sailed onward towards ancient Ethericos, eventually reaching Kallium. After the Buddhists left Genoa Island, however, the natives -- for reasons unknown -- burned the monasteries and temples and all things relating to Buddhism. There is very little evidence supporting this theory, though. However, it is believed that when the Buddhists reached Kallium, the ancient Kallites were intrigued by their teachings. The name Umberan's origin is currently unknown. By 1095 CE, Umberanism had taken a stronghold in the heartland of Kallium and soon spread throughout its vassal kingdoms and states. Umberanism brought with it a period of peace and prosperity that lasted for approximately 155 years. By 1250 CE, though, following the Thirty-Days War, its popularity had begun to decline. Havuxutxutism briefly returned for forty years from around 1283 CE to around 1323 CE. From 1323 CE to about 1503 CE, the dominant religion of Kallium fluctuated as various groups vied for power. Among these were Yanism, Havuxutxutism, Umberanism, Iaxunuism, and the ancient religion of the Romans.

The year 1503 CE brought many changes to the empire. It was, of course, the arrival of the various Italian expeditionary ships. These Italians landed at the area of modern-day Southport sometime during the year 1503 CE. Sources conflict when they arrived during that year; some say early May, others say late August. With them, the Italians brought Roman Catholicism. At first, the ancient Kallites refuted Catholicism and monotheism as "abhorrent religions unworthy of any respect." But after the War of Fire and the fall of Kallium in 1519 CE, Roman Catholicism took a foothold in the ancient lands of Kallium. The 1700's brought the Anglican religion to the New Genoa state and during the early 1900's, religious faith dwindled to where we are today.

Dress
Kallite dress and style changed over time -- both from domestic and foreign influences. Styles that the emperor employed would often be adopted by men; the women would adopt the style employed by the emperor's wife, daughter(s), or sister(s). It is usually wealthier men and women who were able to afford the elaborate and ornate styles of the emperor and his women; however, the lower class was able to afford such similar haircuts and colored clothing.

The first ancient Kallites would wear usually some sort of leather or linen trousers and sometimes a leather or linen shirt (resembling the modern-day t-shirt). However, it was not uncommon for a man or woman to go topless. Women who went topless, however, were viewed as whores and prostitutes. Men, on the other hand, were encouraged to go topless to display their muscles and physical strength. There were no laws forbidding public nudity. Hair was often only cut several times a year and men were encouraged to grow beards. Work boots were the only kind of footware worn.

As the city of Kallium developed from a small tribal town to a city teeming with activity, dress changed. Men and women both would wear a light-colored robe or gown, similar to the Roman tunic. Hair styles would be mostly simple -- short hair for the men and possibly a simple bun for the women. The ancient Kallites did have barbers, but after the Romans arrived, it was not uncommon for a wealthy person to hire a Roman barber to cut his or her hair on regular basis. The Romans themselves thought they had encountered a lost Roman city when they arrived in Ethericos in 4 CE. After the Romans arrived, they were introduced to a plethora of new hairstyles and clothing (such as the toga praetexta or palla). The Romans also introduced sandles to the Kallites. It would take awhile before the ancient Kallites began to wear sandles on a regular basis, though. The Romans also encouraged that the Kallite men shave their beards. And so, for a good deal of time, the average Kallite looked very similar to the ancient Roman in dress and hairstyle with the difference being mostly the darker skin complexion of the Kallites.

Diet
The diet of the ancient Kallite consisted mostly of a light breakfast and lunch and large dinner. Ancient Kallites ate many different types of tropical foods. Oranges and mangoes were common breakfasts and lunches. A slice of bread dipped in juice was a common meal. The Kallites also produced wine and when the Romans arrived, they brought different types of wine and integrated them into the Kallite diet. Dinner consisted would consist mainly of foods high in protein such as nuts and fish. The ancient Kallites, living right on the cost of the ocean, captured several hundred different types of fish. We have a slab of stone with inscriptions on it the appears to be the makings of a modern-day restaurant menu! Breakfast and lunch may have been haphazard affairs, but dinner was done more carefully and meant to be a social time. For the poorer citizens of Kallium, various fast-food stops provided a type of "bean stew," which could be prepared in less than ten minutes. These types of meals were relatively very cheap and it was quite common for the person running the fast-food stop to give a vagrant or homeless person a "meal on the house." Still, many of the deathfully poor citizens did starve to death during the early and middle years of the Kallite empire. The later years saw a sort of welfare system emerge to compensate for the lack of food among the destitute. Government officials would be dispatched to the poorest areas of the empire and hand out loaves of bread and various fruits to crowds of poor Kallites. These were, of course, free.

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LANGUAGE

The peoples of the Kallite homeland spoke an ancient, extinct language that scholars have managed to decipher. Consisting of twenty-six letters, three special characters, and tens of thousands of words can easily be compared to many famous ancient languages such as Greek, Latin, and Aramaic. When the Romans arrived in Ethericos circa 4 CE and first interacted with the Kallii (or Kaliuu as they are called in their native language), they immediately made the many connections to Latin in the Kallite language. For example: a good deal of words in Kallite, many of them in the neuter gender, ender with the suffix -um. Pluralization in ancient Kallite also has many words ending with the suffix -os. Thirdly, there are several words in Kallite that sound similar to words spoken in Latin. Mens, for example, is Kallite for sea (and Latin for mind). The ancient Kallite language is not a difficult one to learn when one uses the modern-day English alphabet; however, if one wishes to learn how to read and write ancient Kallite, the difficulty increases immensely. Many of the rules that apply to modern-day vowels and consonants apply to specific letters in the Kallite alphabet, which would equate to modern-day vowels or consonants. In addition to the Kallite alphabet, there are three special characters used. These will be discussed later on in this section. From this point henceforth, when we refer to vowels and consonants, we are referring to those of the modern-day English alphabet.

Nouns
Unlike Latin, which consists of many different declensions and cases, ancient Kallite has no specific rules concerning nouns except that all singular neuter nouns end with the suffix -um. Noun endings in Kallite fluctuate, just like those in English. However, many masculine nouns will end in -os, -ier, and -s. The most important rule among these endings involves the suffix -os. The suffix -os can never, in any circumstance, be preceded by a vowel. There are absolutely no exceptions to this rule. Feminine endings in Kallite are often -ex, -a, and -eara. Keep in mind that some masculine nouns may take a feminine ending and some feminine nouns may take a masculine ending. However, no masculine or feminine nouns may take a neuter ending and no neuter nouns may take a masculine or feminine ending. All of the above endings are singular. Pluralization is dealt with differently.

Pluralization of nouns without an attached adjective are pluralized like so: any word ending in a consonant is pluralized with the suffix -os and any word ending in a vowel is pluralized with the suffix -u. You may recall that some masculine singular nouns end in -os. To denote pluralization of these nouns, the first of our three special characters is appended to the last character of the word. An apostrophe-sized lowercase "x" is added to the top-right of the letter. However, using the modern-day English alphabet, one only needs to add an apostrophe after the last letter. Keep in mind that neuter nouns are pluralized the same as masculine and feminine nouns and thus an -os would be appended. The pluralization of nouns with an adjective is handled slightly differently and negates the need to use the special character. This will be discussed in the Adjectives section.

Adjectives
Descriptive adjectives in ancient Kallite can either come directly before or directly after the noun they modify. Limiting adjectives must come before the noun it modifies. An adjective standing alone (i.e., not used in a sentence) consists of the adjective's stem.

Just like in Latin and many other languages, adjectives in Kallite must have the same suffix as the noun they modify. A noun's suffix is considered to be the last letter of the word with the exceptions of -os and -ier. However there is one exception to this rule. If the adjective's stem ends in a vowel and the noun ends in -os, we consider the rules of pluralization of nouns ending in vowels. This means that instead of appending -os to the adjective, we append -u (ex. peneru bollos). This applies to nouns ending in -u as well. If needed, sometimes the ancient Kallites would apply the special "x" character to the end of the noun and adjective to signify that they went together.

The pluralization of adjectives is handled very differently from the pluralization of nouns, but it is simple nonetheless. To pluralize an adjective (and the noun with it, of course), follow these simple rules. First, append the proper suffix to the adjective. Next, the ancient Kallites would utilize their second special character: an apostrophe-sized backslash to both the noun and adjective. However, we will use an apostrophe instead. After the apostrophe is applied, add 'a for masculine or feminine nouns or 'u for neuter nouns (ex. damesos bollos becomes damesos'a bollos'a).

To signify the degree of adjectives we take a similar approach. First and foremost, the proper suffixes must be applied. Then we apply an apostrophe, followed by one of the endings below depending on the degree of the adjective.

positive: n/a
comparative: 'e for masculine or feminine nouns 'ee for neuter nouns
superlative: 'x

For plural adjectives, simply add the degree suffix after the pluralization suffix (ex. damesos'a'e bollos'a'e or damesos'a'x bollos'a'x).

Verbs
Verbs in Kallite are probably the most consistent part of speech in the language. There is one irregular verb, to be, and no exceptions involving endings. Ancient Kallite is "conjugated" quite differently from other languages. A verb that stands alone is usually marked by standing in its infinitive form. To form an infinitive, simply add 'j to the end of the verb's stem. The active and passive voice act very similarly.

ACTIVE VOICE: The active voice is formed like so: -e is added to the stem if the verb is singular and -ev is added to the stem if the verb is plural. After the notation of the verb's number, one must add the pronoun to the end of the verb (or the pronoun that would be used. An apostrophe followed by the pronoun is appended. The following are the pronoun endings in the active voice.

'eu: I
'er: you
'ek: he/she
'ef: it
'euu: we
'ekos: they

Tense is added after the pronoun suffix. An apostrophe is added again, followed by the proper suffix. You'll notice the similarities with Latin.

'r: present (ex. love, loves, is loving, am loving)
'ra: past (ex. loved)
'raa: future (ex. will love)
're: imperfect (ex. was loving, were loving)
'e: pluperfect (ex. had loved)
'eaa: future perfect (ex. shall have loved, will have loved)

A properly conjugated verb in first person, singular, active voice, present tense would look like so: annane'eu'r.

As mentioned earlier, there is one irregular verb: to be (argo'j). You still apply the number and pronoun endings exactly the same; however, the tense suffixes are different.

'v: present (ex. am, is, are)
'va: past (ex. was, were)
'vee: future (ex. shall, will)
've: imperfect (ex. was, were)
'h: pluperfect (ex. had been)
'hee: future perfect (ex. shall have been, will have been)

He will have been would be conjugated like so: argoe'ek'hee.

PASSIVE VOICE: The passive voice acts exactly the same as the active voice with one exception: the tense suffixes are different. However, they follow the same pattern as the active voice.

'y: present (ex. am loved, is loved, are loved)
'ya: past (ex. was loved, were loved, have been loved)
'yaa: future (ex. shall be loved, will be loved)
'ye: imperfect (ex. was being loved, were being loved)
'p: pluperfect (ex. had been loved)
'pee: future perfect (ex. shall have been loved, will have been loved)

A properly conjugated verb in first person, singular, passive voice, pluperfect would look like so: annane'eu'p.

Adverbs
Just like in English, ancient Kallite has adverbs, whose sole purpose is to modify either a verb or adjective. There are four flavors of adverbs: manner, time, frequency, and place.

An adverb of manner tells how something happens (ex. sings loudly). Adverbs of manner are always placed after the word they modify. An adverb of manner is indicated by the suffix -R. The "R" must be capitalized. Usually, to form an adverb of manner, the -R suffix is added to adjective that the adverb is formed from (ex. loud becomes loudly).

An adverb of time tells when something is happened or happened (ex. tomorrow, today, yesterday). These adverbs are placed wherever they are needed in the sentence; there is no specific order rule. They may come before or after the word they modify. These adverbs are indicated with the suffix -T. This rule seems to be simple enough; the -T suffix makes it all the easier to remember. Just like the -R suffix added to adverbs of manner, the -T suffix must be capitalized. The suffix is added to the stem of the adverb. However, these adverbs are rarely ever shown without their suffixes. One exception would be for the word presently. In this case, we would add the -T suffix to the verb stem for the word present (tetten). Thus, the final result for the word presently would be tettenT. This ending does seem rather perplexing, but it is done because the character the ancient Kallites used translated to a capital "T." The difference between a Kallite lowercase "T" and uppercase "T?" The uppercase letter has a horizontal line cutting the bottom of the Kallite "T" (which looks like a vertical line with a backslash cutting across the top).

An adverb of frequency indicates approximately how many times something happens (ex. never, seldom, monthly). An adverb of frequency is indicated with the suffix -erex. The suffix is appended to the stem of the adverb. For words like monthly and annually, the suffix is added to the end of those words' stems. The -os rule is not considered here because no word that can be turned into an adverb of frequency ends in -os. This is quite convenient. Placement in sentences does not matter; it can come before or after the word it modifies.

An adverb of place indicates where an event or incident happens (ex. anywhere, nowhere). These adverbs are indicated by placing an apostrophe followed by either -b or -ox. If the word's stem ends with a vowel, -b is used. Otherwise, -ox is used. If the adverb can also be an adjective (ex. any becomes anywhere), the suffix is appended to the end of the word's stem. A proper adverb of place would look like so: hasha'ox (anywhere). Placement in sentences does not matter; it can come before or after the word it modifies.

To indicate degree, adverbs use the same method that adjectives use. Another apostrophe is applied followed by a suffix. The following endings are used to indicate degree with adverbs.

positive: n/a
comparative: 'c for more (or -er) and 'cc for less
superlative: 'g for most (or -est) and 'gg for least

A proper adverb indicating someone running the fastest would be done like so: iaxuR'g.

Conjunctions
Ancient Kallite only has two conjunctions and they are not used exactly like they are in English or any other modern language for that matter. The two conjunctions used by ancient Kallites are the equivalents of and and or. However, these conjunctions cannot be used to connect sentences (ex. He went to the store and bought some candy). They can only be used to connect an object or group of objects (ex. The dog and cat). There is no such thing as a compound sentence in ancient Kallite. You simply start a new sentence instead. However, ancient Kallite does have a word that could be considered a conjunction that's appended to the beginning of sentences. This word, fahhal, can be used to say but. It is the first word of the next sentence. Fahhal is usually only used in spoken language, not in written. The word for and is axos and the word for or is oxos.

Interjections
Interjections are added to the beginning of a sentence and are characterized with the suffix 'ertexe. Ancient Kallites used two interjections heavily. These interjections would be the modern equivalents of Oh!, O! and Avast!. The first batch is translated to Por'ertexe and the second word is translated to Verrena'ertexe. Other interjections such as Wow! are used, but much more sparingly than the aforementioned two. An ancient Kallite would use one of the two common interjections at least once a day -- they are very common words. There would be a short pause in speech after the interjection, followed by the rest of the sentence.

Prepositions
Prepositions in ancient Kallite come after their object (or their object's adjective). Like adjectives, they must match their object in suffix. The same -os/-u rule is used again for nouns ending in -os and preposition stems ending in a vowel. The same rule for pluralization applies; an apostrophe is added followed by either -a or -u. However, to indicate that it is a preposition, the suffix 'xut is appended to the end of the preposition. About cats would be translated as jurran'u yunn'u'xut.

Sentences
Ancient Kallites used their third special character to indicate the end of sentences. This mark, which looked like an apostrophe-sized horizontal line, is added to the top-right corner of the last letter (or character) of the sentence. One mark indicates either a declarative or imperative sentence. Another mark is added directly under the first one to indicate an interrogative sentence. A third mark is added directly beneath the second to indicate an exclamatory sentence.

Sentence structure in ancient Kallite is simple. Follow this basic structure. For declarative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences: subject-verb-object. For interrogative sentences: verb-subject-object. Keep in mind that "subject," "verb," and "object" includes of all the said word's modifiers. Tone of voice would indicate the type of question. A short pause between words indicates the end of a sentence. Commas and semicolons were not used by ancient Kallites.
New Genoa
29-08-2004, 02:12
Roman Era
New Genoa
29-08-2004, 02:12
Italian Era
New Genoa
29-08-2004, 02:13
Pacifican Era
New Genoa
29-08-2004, 02:13
Four Republics Era
New Genoa
29-08-2004, 02:14
Modern Era
New Genoa
29-08-2004, 02:15
Maps and Miscellaneous
New Genoa
29-08-2004, 02:16
<OOC:

OOC Information

1: Each section will be filled out periodically as I so see fit. Certain sections may not be finished for quite some time.

2: When ready (an in-advance thank-you to Edolia and Tiborita for making me maps), maps will be provided. The Miscellaneous section will also contain links to other topics with information about New Genoa including my World Factbook entry and my tourist guide.

3: More notes will be added when needed.

>
New Genoa
29-08-2004, 02:23
WOohO
New Genoa
29-08-2004, 04:32
If there are any mistakes (spelling or contextual), please post them. If not, just pitch in your comments.

EDIT: language is finished. in no specific order: culture, government, and military will be done next for Kallium.

EDIT 2: Culture - Religion is completed.

EDIT 3: Culture - diet and dress completed.

EDIT 4: Government completed. May be refined with greater detail later.